The Potentials of Corn Waste Lignocellulosic Fibre as an Improved Reinforced Bioplastic Composites
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REVIEW
The Potentials of Corn Waste Lignocellulosic Fibre as an Improved Reinforced Bioplastic Composites Ting Yen Chong1 · Ming Chiat Law2 · Yen San Chan1 Accepted: 12 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This review discusses the potentials of corn waste fibres as an alternative source of reinforcement to other natural fibres for bioplastic composites. The growing sustainability concern has urged the search for new composites and the potential exists to stimulate more research in bringing it to markets. Corn (Zea mays L.) waste fibres are lignocellulosic fibres that constituted of corn cob, corn husk, corn stalk and corn stover which are often discarded. Physico-chemical properties of the lignocellulosic fibres from different sources are compared. Studies on lignocellulosic fibre reinforced bioplastic composites and state-of-the-art of corn fibre reinforced composites are reviewed. The preparations of the fibres to form nanofibril, cellulose nanofibril and lignin-containing cellulose nanofibril are also discussed. Along with this, issues to improve fibre-plastic matrix compatibility through mechanical disintegration and surface modification treatment on fibre are also reported. This review shows that corn waste is suitable to be used as a reinforcement filler for bioplastic. Further treatment on the fibres could lead to improved properties of the composite for various applications. Keywords Bioplastic · Corn waste fibre · Lignocellulosic fibre · Polymer-matrix composites (PMCs) · Reinforcement filler Abbreviations APS 3-Aminopropyltrithoxysilance CNF Cellulosic nanofibril LCNF Lignin-containing cellulosic nanofibril PET Polyethylene terephthalate PHA Polyhydroxyalkanoate PHB Polyhydroxybutyrate PLA Polylactic acid TPS Thermoplastic starch
Introduction The heavy use of petroleum-based plastics have caused wide-spread ocean pollution and thus endangering marine lives [1]. This has led to the urge of searching alternatives * Yen San Chan [email protected] 1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
2
in replacement the harmful petroleum-based plastics. Bioplastics which are biodegradable became the most popular substitute. Natural and renewable sources such as wood, food crops, sugar and starch from agro-plantations have been used for the bioplastic synthesis [2, 3]. In accordance with [4], the biodegradability of a bioplastic refers to the ability to degrade the plastic to carbon dioxide and water without emission of toxic materials under composting. Today, bioplastics have made up one per cent of the 335 million tonnes of plastics production yearly. As of 2018, global production of bioplastics reached up to 2.11 million tons in which 65% of them were used as packaging materials [5]. Nevertheless, bioplastics often
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