The quality assessment of pollution of Rosetta branch, Nile River, Egypt
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ORIGINAL PAPER
The quality assessment of pollution of Rosetta branch, Nile River, Egypt Engy Elhaddad 1 & Sanaa Al-Zyoud 2
Received: 1 May 2015 / Accepted: 23 January 2017 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2017
Abstract The Nile River is the major source of water and soils in Egypt. Silt is the main soil component of it. The Nile is one of the international rivers; it passes through ten countries in Africa and is divided into two branches, Rosetta and Damietta at the end of the River. A hydrochemical facies study of the Rosetta branch was done. The geochemical processes which control the water quality and its suitability for drinking, fishing, and irrigation purposes were evaluated. Thus, the hydro-environmental status is studied. Fifteen water samples were collected for determining the physical and chemical parameters. The results show that several parameters are above the desired limits. High concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, ammonia (NH3), electrical conductivity (EC), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chloride (Cl−), and sulfate (SO42−) were found. While a reduction in dissolved oxygen (DO) in the drains, especially Tala and El Rahawy drains, were noticed. In addition, residual sodium carbonate (RSC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percent (Na %), and magnesium hazard (MH) were measured. The results show that the salinity values for the selected samples minimized their utilization for irrigation. The results indicate that the main geochemical process in the study area is cation exchange and evaporation which control the main ion distribution. * Engy Elhaddad [email protected] Sanaa Al-Zyoud [email protected]; [email protected] 1
National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Cairo, Egypt
2
Applied Earth and Environmental Sciences Department, Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Al al-Bayt University, P.O.BOX 130040, Mafraq 25113, Jordan
Keywords Geochemical processes . Hydrochemical facies . Water quality . Nile River
Introduction Water resources in Egypt Nile River is the main source of the water in Egypt; it covers more than 95% of the Egyptians’ freshwater demands. Seventy-eight million people live along the Nile in an area about 4% of the total area of Egypt (Abdel-Wahaab and Mohy 2011). The Nile travels along with 950 km in Egypt starting from south of Egypt at Aswan (Abdel-Dayem 2000). It ends at Cairo in the north, where it divides into two branches, Rosetta and Damietta branches. The Nile receives about 45 BCM per year of water (Allam and Gamal 2007). Egypt is classified as an arid area due to the lack of rainfall which does not exceed 1.0 BCM/year (Abdin and Gaafar 2009). The annual flood water is about 1.0 BCM. This flash flood supports the groundwater storage by 0.82 BCM every year (Abdel-Dayem 2000). Sources of the pollutants The industrial areas in Egypt suffer from many environmental problems, such as industrial wastes. Industrial wastes are disposed into the Nile River. In addition, the discharges of domestic and a
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