The Role of Inorganic Polyphosphates in Stress Response and Regulation of Enzyme Activities in Yeast
Inorganic polyphosphates (polyPs) are multifunctional compounds involved in adaptation of microorganisms to stress. In yeast, polyPs serve a reserve of phosphorus that is consumed by cells with phosphate deficiency. Under phosphate excess, polyP biosynthe
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The Role of Inorganic Polyphosphates in Stress Response and Regulation of Enzyme Activities in Yeast Tatiana Kulakovskaya, Lubov Ryasanova, Vladimir Dmitriev, and Anton Zvonarev
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphates (polyPs) are multifunctional compounds involved in adaptation of microorganisms to stress. In yeast, polyPs serve a reserve of phosphorus that is consumed by cells with phosphate deficiency. Under phosphate excess, polyP biosynthesis regulates the intracellular phosphate concentration. PolyPs accumulate under conditions of growth suppression under nitrogen starvation and heavy metal toxic stress, and also upon the adaptation of yeast to a hydrophobic carbon source. The participation of polyPs in the regulation of enzyme activities is discussed.
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Introduction
Inorganic polyphosphates (polyPs) are linear polymers containing a few to several hundred orthophosphate residues linked by energy-rich phosphoanhydride bonds (Fig. 1.1). Until recently they were considered molecular fossils, ATP precursors in evolution, and a phosphorus storage mechanism in microorganisms. Igor Kulaev, a pioneer in polyP biochemistry, suggested multiple roles for these polymers in the regulation of cellular processes because of the ability to form complexes with metal ions, proteins, and RNA (Kulaev 1979). The interaction of negatively charged polyPs with anionic biopolymers, such as poly-beta hydroxybutyrate (Reusch 1992) and probably RNA (Kulaev 1979), is mediated by divalent metal cations. T. Kulakovskaya (*) Laboratory of Regulation of Biochemical Processes, Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia e-mail: [email protected] L. Ryasanova • V. Dmitriev • A. Zvonarev Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 T. Kulakovskaya et al. (eds.), Inorganic Polyphosphates in Eukaryotic Cells, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41073-9_1
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Fig. 1.1 Structure of linear inorganic polyphosphate (polyP)
The excellent studies of Arthur Kornberg and co-workers demonstrated the essential role of polyPs in the switching of gene expression and in cell survival in the stationary phase and under stress (Kornberg 1995; Rao et al. 2009). PolyP and polyphosphate kinase participate in induction of the synthesis of RpoS, an RNApolymerase subunit in bacteria that is responsible for expression of the genes involved in the stationary phase and adaptation to stress; it is also involved in bacterial cell motility, biofilm formation, and virulence (Rao et al. 2009). The adaptation of Escherichia coli to amino acid starvation is a remarkable example of polyP involvement in the response to stress (Rao et al. 2009). This process is mediated by guanosine 5′-triphosphate, 3′-diphosphate (pppGpp) and guanosine 5′-diphosphate, 3′-diphosphate (ppGpp), the so-called alarmones. These compounds enhance th
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