Toxicity of the essential oil from Thymus serpyllum and thymol to larvae and pupae of the housefly Musca domestica L. (D
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Toxicity of the essential oil from Thymus serpyllum and thymol to larvae and pupae of the housefly Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) Yongjian Xie 1 & Hui Jin 1 & Xi Yang 1 & Qilei Gu 1 & Dayu Zhang 1 Received: 12 April 2020 / Accepted: 5 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The essential oil (EO) of Thymus serpyllum and thymol were evaluated for their insecticidal activity against the housefly (Musca domestica) larvae and pupae. Contact toxicity and fumigation bioassays were used. Chemical composition analysis of T. serpyllum EO by gas chromatographic mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed that thymol (41.6%), p-cymene (21.9%), and γterpinene (19.2%) were the major components. For larval assays, the LC50 value of T. serpyllum EO was 0.4 μl/cm2 for contact toxicity and 20.9 μl/l for fumigation toxicity. For thymol, the contact toxicity LC50 value was 0.035 μl/cm2 and the fumigation LC50 value was 2.0 μl/l. For the pupal assay, T. serpyllum EO had a percentage inhibition rate (PIR) value of 100% for both contact toxicity (1.0 μl/cm2) and fumigation toxicity assay (25 μl/l), whereas thymol had a PIR of 100% for contact toxicity (0.1 μl/cm2) and fumigation assay (5 μl/l). This study shows that T. serpyllum EO and thymol are toxic to housefly larvae and pupae and have the potential for use in the population control of this species. Keywords Thymus serpyllum . Musca domestica . Thymol . Botanical insecticides . Larvicidal activity . Pupicidal activity
Introduction Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) is a widely distributed insect pest and a mechanical carrier of many pathogens, including cholera, typhoid, and bacillary dysentery (Kumar et al. 2012a). Pyrethrins and pyrethroids have long been used as the main chemical control agents for the housefly, but their long-term use has selected for resistance (Zhang et al. 2017). In addition, these chemicals have undesirable effects on nontarget organisms and can be detrimental to the environment and human health (Kumar et al. 2014). New control methods and materials for controlling the housefly are needed. Plant extracts and essential oils (EOs) could be a good option due to their efficacy, target specificity, and safety to the environment and humans.
Responsible Editor: Giovanni Benelli * Dayu Zhang [email protected] 1
College of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, People’s Republic of China
Several plant EOs are toxic to the housefly. These include Ocimum gratissimum (Suwannayod et al. 2019), Origanum vulgare (Xie et al. 2019), Solidago canadensis (Benelli et al. 2019a), and Thymus longicaulis (Pavela et al. 2019a). Strong toxicity of EOs to the housefly has been demonstrated in a variety of components such as limonene (Rice and Coats 1994), menthone (Palacios et al. 2009b), 1,8-cineole (Palacios et al. 2009a; Kumar et al. 2013), menthol (Kumar et al. 2014), cuminaldehyde (Zhang et al. 2017), and carvacrol (Xie et al. 2019). Thymus is a genus of 250 species in the Lam
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