Transcriptional responses following seed priming with cold plasma and electromagnetic field in Salvia nemorosa L.
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RESEARCH
Transcriptional responses following seed priming with cold plasma and electromagnetic field in Salvia nemorosa L. Maryam Ghaemi1 · Ahmad Majd2 · Alireza Iranbakhsh1 Received: 9 June 2020 / Accepted: 30 July 2020 © Islamic Azad University 2020
Abstract This study was conducted to monitor the plant responses to seed priming with electromagnetic fields (0, 4, or 6 mT) or cold plasma (0, 80, or 100 s) in Salvia nemorosa. The cold plasma or electromagnetic field treatments significantly increased shoot fresh weight (49%), root fresh weight (41%), and root length (56%). The results highlighted that seed priming with cold plasma or the electromagnetic field is an effective method to modify seedling growth. The electromagnetic field and plasma treatments upregulated the AREB1 gene (mean = 3.9-fold). Except for the electromagnetic field of 4mT, the other treatments stimulated expressions of the WRKY1 gene by an average of 6.7-fold relative to the control. The cold plasma or electromagnetic field also induced the expression of cinnamoyl-CoA reductases (CCR2) gene (mean = fourfold). These treatments also changed the expression of the rosmarinic acid synthase by an average of sixfold. These findings may improve our knowledge of plant reactions to cold plasma and electromagnetic field for possible functions in seed technology. Keywords Applied physics · Cold plasma · Electromagnetic field · Gene expression · Seed priming
Introduction Plant members of the Salvia genus, like S. nemorosa, are significant sources of diverse isoprenoid and phenolic secondary metabolites. Taking their medicinal functions into account, these bioactive substances display promising antiproliferative and anticancer properties [1]. Therefore, the induction of secondary metabolism in this plant species is of critical importance [2]. In the past decade, plasma and electromagnetic fields offer highly competitive functions for utilization in a multitude of industries, such as seed and agriculture [3–5]. Different kinds of signaling agents, including UV radiation, active oxygen and nitrogen species, and some other free radicals are produced during plasma formation, many of which are capable of triggering signals in living tissues [6]. There are two different kinds of plasma (the fourth material state) dependent on temperature; I— thermal plasma and II—non-thermal (cold) plasma. Among * Alireza Iranbakhsh [email protected] 1
Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North-Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2
these plasmas, cold plasma provides a great eco-friendly safe and economic opportunity in seed technology, especially for seed decontamination [4], germination [7], biofortification [6], and seedling early establishment [8, 9]. Moreover, seed priming with cold plasma can mediate long-term effects on plant productivity [10, 11]. In addition to these potential advantages, several lines of evidence manifest this hyp
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