Determination of Malachite Green in Fish by a Modified MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensor
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Determination of Malachite Green in Fish by a Modified MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensor Yanli Zhou 1
&
Xiaoqiao Li 1 & Zhonghao Pan 1 & Baoxian Ye 2 & Maotian Xu 1,2
Received: 23 September 2018 / Accepted: 1 February 2019 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Cu-based metal-organic frameworks modified by silver (Ag/Cu-MOFs) were in situ fabricated through a one-step direct synthesis. The as-prepared mixed-node MOFs were modified on glassy carbon (GC) electrode, which was utilized as a voltammetric sensor for probing malachite green. Compared with the bare GC electrode, the introduced Ag/Cu-MOF film on the electrode surface dramatically improved the sensitivity of the sensor response according to the accumulation and catalytic activity of Ag/ Cu-MOFs for malachite green. The developed electrochemical sensor exhibited a low detection limit of 2.2 nM with a wide linear range of 10–140 nM and high anti-interference ability. The feasibility of the assay was verified by test of malachite green in fish sample. The proposed strategy presents valuable information for the evaluation of the food safety in aquaculture industry. Keywords Cu-based metal-organic frameworks (Cu-MOFs) . Silver modification . Electrochemical sensor . Malachite green . Fish sample
Introduction Malachite green as an industrial triphenylmethane dye is also widely used in the aquaculture industry owing to its effectiveness against fungal and parasite infection in fish (Culp and Beland 1996). Malachite green has a long life in fish and can lead to some side effects, such as high toxins, high residual, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutation. Consequently, eating contaminated fish may result in serious problems for human health (Srivastava et al. 2004; Zusková et al. 2007). Although malachite green is prohibited in many countries, its use in aquaculture remains common because of its highly effective parasiticide and fungicide (Fallah and Barani 2014). Thus, the search for sensitive and reliable methods for determination of malachite green in fish has attracted increasing interest. * Yanli Zhou [email protected] Maotian Xu [email protected] 1
Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, People’s Republic of China
2
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
Variety of strategies have been proposed for the detection of malachite green, which can be classified into chromatographybased methods (Chen and Miao 2010; Maxwell and Tong 2016; Nebot et al. 2013; Xie et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2015), spectroscopy-based methods (Jia et al. 2018; Ouyang et al. 2017; Stead et al. 2010; Tan et al. 2012; Wu et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2015), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Dong et al. 2014; Li et al. 2016; Shen et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2016), and electrochemical methods (Guo et al. 2011; Huang et al. 2015; Martín-Yerga et al. 2018
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