Resorcinol-formaldehyde derived carbon xerogels: A promising anode material for lithium-ion battery
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Resorcinol-formaldehyde derived carbon xerogels: A promising anode material for lithium-ion battery Manohar Kakunuri Centre for Carbon Materials, International Advance Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials, Hyderabad 500005, Telangana, India
Chandra Shekhar Sharmaa) Creative & Advanced Research Based on Nanomaterials (CARBON) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad 502285, Telangana, India (Received 1 October 2017; accepted 27 November 2017)
Organic gels obtained by sol–gel polycondensation reaction followed by subcritical drying in ambient conditions are termed as xerogels which are pyrolyzed to yield carbon xerogels. Resorcinol formaldehyde (RF) derived carbon xerogels have received considerable attention due to their higher carbon yield and ease of tuning their microstructure and therefore physiochemical properties. Recent advances in the synthesis of carbon xerogels have allowed porous as well as non-porous but large external surface area morphologies. Further efforts have been made about increasing the surface area by activation or changing the microstructure by doping with foreign elements. These advances in the area of carbon xerogels synthesis led to their use as high performance anode materials for Li ion batteries recently. This review summarizes these recent studies on electrochemical performance of carbon xerogels to clearly demonstrate their potential as high capacity anode material for Li ion batteries. Notably, given the potential not only for Li ion batteries but also for latest sodium-ion batteries and super-capacitors, this review provides a much needed attention of scientific community to so far unnoticed carbon xerogel materials.
I. INTRODUCTION
Lithium (Li)-based primary battery was first prepared in 1970 with the most electropositive and light weight Li metal as an anode.1 After two years in 1972, Exxon used Li as anode material for rechargeable lithium metal cells. The major issue with these cells was recognized as dendrite formation during charge/discharge or cycling which further caused the short circuiting of the cell. Further, in 1991, Sony introduced a much safer commercial lithium ion battery (LIB) based on the lithium ion rocking-chair mechanism by using a metal oxide as cathode and carbon material as an anode with working voltage (.3.6 V).1 Unlike Li metal as anode, these carbon based anodes were found to be much safer with no significant change in their morphology and structure during cycling.2 Even today, in a typical Li ion cells, safer Li-based metal oxides and phosphates serves as positive electrode (lithium ion source) while carbon serves as host for lithium ions (negative electrode).3 These active electrode materials are parted by polyethylene or polypropylene separators filled with Contributing Editor: Tianyu Liu a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2017.461
electrolyte (lithium salt in organic solvents). During charging, Li ions move from positive electro
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