Valorization of biodiesel byproduct glycerol to glycerol carbonate using highly reusable apatite-like catalyst derived f
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Valorization of biodiesel byproduct glycerol to glycerol carbonate using highly reusable apatite-like catalyst derived from waste Gastropoda Mollusca Rich David Ortiz Olivares 1 & Patrick U. Okoye 2 & Jean F. Ituna-Yudonago 3 & Chigoziri Nnaemeka Njoku 4 & Bassim H. Hameed 5 & Wang Song 6 & Sanxi Li 6 & Adriana Longoria 2,7 & P. J. Sebastian 2 Received: 13 August 2020 / Revised: 18 October 2020 / Accepted: 29 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Predominantly, calcium oxide from the calcined waste Gastropoda Mollusca (Achatina fulica sp.) was post-functionalized and stabilized using trisodium phosphate to obtain an apatite-like catalyst (snail shell apatite, SNS-AP) to tailor the synthesis of glycerol carbonate (GC) from abundant biodiesel byproduct glycerol. Textural properties, crystal structure, and morphology were characterized by different techniques. The turnover frequency (TOF) and E-factor green metrics were determined, and plausible reaction mechanisms elucidated. The results show that the transformation of the crystalline phases of the snail shell consisting of aragonite and dolomite phases to apatite-like glaserite after functionalization with trisodium phosphate promoted stability and enhanced basicity of the catalyst to tailor the transesterification reaction. Thus, about 94.3% glycerol conversion and 96.5% GC yield were achieved under best reaction conditions of 80 °C, 90 min, DMC/glycerol molar ratio of 4, and 4 wt% catalyst weight. The TOF and E-factor were 12.533 h−1 and 0.5322, respectively. Also, the catalyst was stable over eight successive cycles of reuse sustaining about 80.34% GC yield. The results show the potential of this environmentally friendly strategy to prepare stable heterogeneous catalyst from natural wastes to promote the upgrading of oversupplied glycerol. Keywords Biodiesel . Glycerol . Transesterification . Glycerol carbonate . Gastropoda Mollusca
1 Introduction * Patrick U. Okoye [email protected] 1
Universidad Tecnológica de Emiliano Zapata del Estado de Morelos, 62765 Emiliano Zapata, Morelos, Mexico
2
Laboratorio de Bioenergía, Instituto de Energías Renovables (IER-UNAM), 62580 Temixco, Morelos, Mexico
3
Universidad Politécnica Metropolitana de Hidalgo, Boulevard Acceso a Tolcayuca 1009, Colonia, Ex hacienda de San Javier, 43860 Tolcayuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
4
Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri P.M.B. 1526, Nigeria
5
Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
6
School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, Liaoning, China
7
CONACYT-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos, Mexico
The demand for a renewable and sustainable alternative to conventional hydrocarbon fuel from fossil sources has created a lunch pad for intensive research in biofuels [1]. Biodiesel remains competitive among biofuels because the production is relatively simple and it can be used
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