Workaround Motivation Model (WAMM): An Adaptation of Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour
The study of workarounds (WA) has increased in importance due to their impact on patient safety and efficiency. However, there are no adequate theories to explain the motivation to create and use a workaround in a healthcare sitting. Although theories of
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Abstract. The study of workarounds (WA) has increased in importance due to their impact on patient safety and efficiency. However, there are no adequate theories to explain the motivation to create and use a workaround in a healthcare sitting. Although theories of technology acceptance help to understand the reasons to accept or reject technology, they fail to explain drivers for alternatives. Also workarounds involve creators and performers that have different motivations. Models such as Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) or Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) can help to explain the role of workaround users, but lack explanation of workaround creators’ dynamics. Our aim is to develop a theoretical foundation to explain workaround motivation behaviour models with norms that relate to sanctions to provide an integrated Workaround Motivation Model; WAMM. The development of WAMM model is explained in this paper based on workaround cases as part of further research to establish the model. Keywords: Workaround, Behaviour, Motivation, Healthcare, Patient safety, Consequences, Norm.
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Introduction
Healthcare professionals are continually exposed to new Information Systems (IS) that affects their daily working activities. Many healthcare workers fully use these systems; however, many choose to perform an alternative process or activity manually or via an alternative system. Some have retained old processes, and others have added additional or alternative activities to do their work. Deviations from the formal system or process, i.e. alternative activities are typically addressed in the literature as workarounds (WA) [1], [2], or sometimes deviations from dysfunctional systems [3], [4], [5]. We can define WA as "an alternative work process created by individuals or groups to achieve a benefit over the use of the existing processes" [6]. Many WA involve a single individual alternative and continuous process or action with a single actor or driver [7], Our research identified a classification of four other types. A process WA involves more than one actor working together on a sequence of different activities. A compound WA is a variant of the process WA where more than one continuous process is involved with separate performers. A consequential WA K. Liu et al. (Eds.): ICISO 2014, IFIP AICT 426, pp. 52–62, 2014. © IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2014
WAMM: An Adaptation of Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour
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exists where the results of a WA drive a further and separate WA process, often used to convert the WA outputs back to a form to feed into the formal process e.g. converting manual documents to automated form. These different types of WA have different motivation impacts referred to later. Many workarounds involve a single actor. However as workarounds are in general unique alternatives to a standard formal process or system they usually have a designer or workaround creator that defines the workaround [9]. This creator is also usually the driver of the workaround. The performers in a workarou
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