2D MXenes as Co-catalysts in Photocatalysis: Synthetic Methods
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REVIEW
Cite as Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11:79 Received: 13 July 2019 Accepted: 25 August 2019 © The Author(s) 2019
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-019-0309-6
2D MXenes as Co‑catalysts in Photocatalysis: Synthetic Methods Yuliang Sun1,2, Xing Meng1,2,3 *, Yohan Dall’Agnese4, Chunxiang Dall’Agnese1, Shengnan Duan1,2, Yu Gao1,2, Gang Chen1,2, Xiao‑Feng Wang1,2 * * Xing Meng, [email protected]; Xiao‑Feng Wang, [email protected] Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People’s Republic of China 2 Jilin Key Engineering Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Technologies, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People’s Republic of China 3 A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA 1
4
Institute for Materials Discovery, Faculty of Maths and Physical Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
HIGHLIGHTS • Two-dimensional transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) as co-catalysts were summarized and classified according to the different synthesis methods used: mechanical mixing, self-assembly, in situ decoration, and oxidation. • The working mechanism for MXenes application in photocatalysis was discussed. The improved photocatalytic performance was attributed to enhancement of charge separation and suppression of charge recombination.
ABSTRACT Since their seminal discovery in 2011, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides/nitrides known as MXenes, that consti‑
semiconductor
tute a large family of 2D materials, have been targeted toward various applications due to their outstanding electronic properties. MXenes functioning as co-catalyst in combination with certain photocatalysts have been applied in photocatalytic systems to enhance photogenerated charge separation, suppress rapid charge recombination, and convert solar energy into chemical energy or use it in the degradation of organic compounds. The photocatalytic performance greatly depends on the composition and morphology of the photocatalyst, which, in turn, are
reduction
e−
CB
VB
e−
h+
(a) MXene
(b)
oxidation h+
determined by the method of preparation used. Here, we review the four different synthesis methods (mechanical mixing, self-assembly, in situ decoration, and oxidation) reported for MXenes in view of their application as co-catalyst in photocatalysis. In addition, the working mechanism for MXenes application in photocatalysis is discussed and an outlook for future research is also provided. KEYWORDS MXenes; Photocatalysis; Co-catalyst; Synthetic methods
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Nano-Micro Lett.
1 Introduction Energy shortage and environmental pollution have become the two major issues faced by humanity due to limited fos‑ sil fuel resources and increasing consumption. Developing sustainable and clean energy is the key to addressing these two problems [1–15]. In being clean and inexhaustible, solar energy sh
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