A Microextraction Method Based on Ligandless Ion-Pair Formation for Measuring the Cadmium Cation in Real Samples by Flam
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A Microextraction Method Based on Ligandless Ion-Pair Formation for Measuring the Cadmium Cation in Real Samples by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Hadi Kahe 1 & Mahmoud Chamsaz 1 & Gholam Hossein Rounaghi 1
Received: 28 November 2015 / Accepted: 10 March 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract A new, simple, and ligandless ion-pair microextraction method has been developed for preconcentration and determination of cadmium ion in saline solutions and food samples. This technique is based on using a double chain cationic surfactant called didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) as an ion-pairing agent and extraction solvent combined with dispersive microextraction named supramolecule aggregate-based dispersive liquid-solid microextraction (SA-DLSME) prior to aspiration to flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The Cd2+ ion interacts with chloride ion in saline solution, and the resulting anionic complex is microextracted by cationic supramolecule aggregates of DDAB due to electrostatic interaction. This technique benefits the advantages of supramolecule aggregate properties and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction technique without the use of any dispersing solvent. Phase separation behavior of DDAB and several effective parameters that have influence on extraction efficiency of cadmium ion such as pH, salt concentration, centrifugation time, and DDAB amount were thoroughly investigated and optimized. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) and linear range were 1.3 and 5â250 ng mLâ1, respectively, with relative standard deviations (RSD) in the range of 3.1â4.3 for interday analysis and 4.5â5.5 for intraday tests at different concentrations of cadmium. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of
* Mahmoud Chamsaz [email protected]
1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
cadmium ion in real samples, and its accuracy was confirmed by analysis of a certified reference material. Keywords Didodecyldimethylammonium bromide . Cadmium . Ligandless . Supramolecule aggregate-based dispersive liquid-solid microextraction (SA-DLSME)
Introduction Cadmium is one of the most hazardous heavy metals to human health. Bioaccumulation of cadmium occurs readily in aquatic and terrestrial food chains, specifically in plants and aquatic organisms, and its compounds with other elements can be potentially toxic to biota at low concentrations. This element can be transfered to animals and humans through the food chain systems. It has been suggested as a carcinogenic compound to humans, and long-term exposure to cadmium has been associated with a wide variety of problems in the kidneys, liver, and lungs (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 1998; Saryan and Zenz 1994). Therefore, determination of trace cadmium in water and food samples is very vital. A variety of analytical techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) (Rivas et al. 2009), inductively coupled pla
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