A Miniaturized Gas-Liquid Separator for Use in Liquid-Phase Microextraction Procedures: Determination of Mercury in Food
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A Miniaturized Gas-Liquid Separator for Use in Liquid-Phase Microextraction Procedures: Determination of Mercury in Food Rebeca Moraes Menezes & Walter Nei Lopes Santos & Uneliton Neves Silva & Valfredo Azevedo Lemos
Received: 24 June 2020 / Accepted: 20 August 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract A method for the preconcentration of mercury using vortex-assisted temperature-controlled dispersive liquid-phase microextraction (VA-TC-DLPME) is proposed. A miniaturized gas-liquid separator (m-GLS) was developed and applied to the determination of mercury after VA-TC-DLPME. The detection was performed using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV AAS). Ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) reagent was used as a complexing agent for Hg(II). The VA-TC-DLPME method consists in dispersing the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Bmim][PF6]) in the aqueous phase by vigorous vortexing, followed by heating and cooling in an ice bath. The mixture was submitted to centrifugation, and the sedimented rich phase was then dissolved in an acid solution to reduce viscosity. Mercury was quantified in the final solution using m-GLS and CV AAS. Under optimized conditions, the method presents a limit of detection of 4.5 × 10−2 μg L−1, and an R. M. Menezes : W. N. L. Santos : V. A. Lemos Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia 40170-280, Brazil R. M. Menezes : U. N. Silva : V. A. Lemos (*) Laboratório de Química Analítica (LQA), Campus de Jequié, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Jequié, Bahia 45208091, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] W. N. L. Santos Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia 41195-001, Brazil
enrichment factor of 54. The accuracy was evaluated by the determination of mercury in reference materialcertified ERM-CE 278, mussel tissue. The method was applied to the determination of mercury in fish oil samples. The developed m-GLS can be tested for use after other LPME procedures. Keywords Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction . Fish oil . Ionic liquid . Preconcentration . Cold vapor
1 Introduction Mercury is a harmful element with a cumulative and persistent effect and can be found in different forms with different degrees of toxicity. Its presence in the environment is associated with natural and anthropogenic sources (Raj and Maiti 2019; Tuzen and Soylak 2005). Some aquatic organisms can concentrate mercury, accumulating the element at levels much higher than in the waters in which they live (O’Connor et al. 2019). Thus, studies enabling mercury quantification in these organisms are indispensable. Some strategies for a healthy and balanced diet include the replacement of foods rich in saturated fats with polyunsaturated fats, such as omega-3, from the ingestion of fish oil capsules, derived from fish tissues of cold waters (Saini and Keum 2018). The primary omega-3 fatty acids are known as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosa
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