Determination of Ochratoxin A in Pig Muscle Using Dispersive Liquid-liquid Microextraction Combined with High-Performanc
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Determination of Ochratoxin A in Pig Muscle Using Dispersive Liquid-liquid Microextraction Combined with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Chuanlei Luan 1 & Lin Wang 1 & Fangfang Chen 1 & Shue Wang 1 & Li Zhao 1 & Lihua Shao 1
Received: 17 June 2015 / Accepted: 28 September 2015 / Published online: 6 October 2015 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract A new method was developed for the rapid analysis of ochratoxin A (OTA) in pig muscle using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). OTA was extracted with methanol and then cleaned up with DLLME procedure. After being blown dry and redissolved, the sample was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). Under the experimental conditions, the LOD was 0.21 μg kg −1 , LOQ was 0.70 μg kg−1, and the recovery was higher than 80 %. Intra- and inter-day repeatability expressed as RSD were less than 5 %. The established method is more efficient, easier, and cheaper than conventional cleaning up procedure. Keywords Ochratoxin A . Pig muscle . Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction . High-performance liquid chromatography
Introduction Ochratoxin A (OTA) is the metabolic product of some certain kinds of Penicillium and Aspergillus, which is widely distrib-
* Lihua Shao [email protected] 1
School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
uted in cereal grains (Iqbal et al. 2014). Previous research showed that OTA can cause neuroinflammatory response (von Tobel et al. 2014) and may cause renal tumor (Mally 2012; Qi et al. 2014). As cereals are widely used in animal feed, animals are continuously exposed to OTA through the consumption of contaminated feed. And researches have shown that a sub-chronic exposure will lead to the accumulation of OTA in meat and meat products (Persi et al. 2014). Some countries have set maximum levels of OTA in meat or animal products, such as Denmark (pig kidney 10 μg kg−1, pig blood 25 μg mL−1) (Duarte et al. 2010) and Romania (pig kidney, liver, and meat 5 μg kg−1) (Duarte et al. 2012). As one of the main sources of meat for humans, it is essential to focus on the residue of OTA in pork. As a particularly complex matrix, it is more difficult to determine the mycotoxins in meat than in cereal grains (Sorensen et al. 2010). According to previous articles, most methods for the determination of OTA in animal tissues were performed by extraction with chloroform and followed by cleaning up with immunoaffinity columns or liquid-liquid partitioning (Valenta 1998). However, conventional procedures need a large amount of organic solvents which are environmentally harmful and hazardous to humans. So, a new extracting and cleaning up method was needed. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), developed in recent years (Rezaee et al. 2006), has been widely used for the determination of trace components (Fernandez et al. 2015; Lu et al. 2015; Martin et al. 2013; Ojeda and Rojas 2009). In t
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