A mixture of pesticides at environmental concentrations induces oxidative stress and cholinergic effects in the neotropi
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A mixture of pesticides at environmental concentrations induces oxidative stress and cholinergic effects in the neotropical fish Rhamdia quelen Aline Teixeira Marins1 Cristina Cerezer1 Jossiele Wesz Leitemperger2 Eduardo Stringini Severo1 Maiara Dorneles Costa2 Danielle Ortiz Fontoura2 Mauro Eugenio Medina Nunes2 Lucila Cendon Ribeiro3 Renato Zanella3 Vania Lucia Loro 1,2 ●
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Accepted: 22 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The insecticides imidacloprid (IMI), a neonicotinoid, and propoxur (PRO), an N-methylcarbamate compound, are pesticides widely used throughout the world. Although they are not used together to combat pests, both are often found in freshwater near agricultural areas. Thereby, the goal of this study was to evaluate the additive effects of IMI and PRO mixtures at environmental concentrations in relation to isolated compounds on Rhamdia quelen, a neotropical fish. The fish was exposed to IMI (0.11 µg/L), PRO (0.039 µg/L), or Mix (0.11 µg/L IMI plus 0.039 µg/L PRO) during 96 h. Glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were determined. To verify oxidative damage thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyl (PC), reactive oxygen species contents (ROS), antioxidant capacity against peroxides (ACAP) were determined in gills, liver, brain and muscle. The results shows that a mixture of these pesticides at environmental concentrations inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain and induced oxidative damage in all analyzed tissues. These results reinforce the hypothesis that mixture of contaminants present in environment could induce additive or synergistic effects on fish species. Graphical Abstract
Keywords Pollution Biomarkers Ecotoxicology Bioindicators Neurotoxicity ●
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Introduction Supplementary information The online version of this article (https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10646-020-02300-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Vania Lucia Loro [email protected] 1
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
Pesticides are biological, chemical, or physical agents that are applied to kill or mitigate pests. Insecticides from certain 2
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas—Bioquímica Toxicológica, Laboratório de Toxicologia Aquática, LABTAQ, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Laboratório de Análise de Resíduos de Pesticidas, LARP, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
A. T. Marins et al.
classes frequently are used in agriculture and households, as well as to control ectoparasites in farmed and domestic animals (Lushchak 2011). These can spread far from their emission site. Indeed, these chemicals enter aquatic environments through air transport, runoff, and leaching (Geissen et al. 2015)
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