A review on phytosynthesis, affecting factors and characterization techniques of silver nanoparticles designed by green
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REVIEW
A review on phytosynthesis, affecting factors and characterization techniques of silver nanoparticles designed by green approach Anu Bala1 · Gita Rani1 Received: 16 June 2020 / Accepted: 14 August 2020 © Islamic Azad University 2020
Abstract Nature has a massive range of diverse species of flora. The phytochemical content of each plant may vary due to the diverse climate and different geographical areas. Several plants have been outlined for their reducing properties and highly exploited for the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles. Moreover, phytochemicals present in plant parts (leaf, root, flower, fruit, etc.) act as both reducing and capping agents for the production of nanoparticles. Plant-mediated nanoparticles have gained so much attention in the present era for its green and rational approach and developed as a green substitute to conventional synthesis approaches. This critical review encloses literature, phytosynthesis methods, and factors affecting the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Also, the main characterization techniques especially, spectroscopic techniques are epigrammatically summarized and discussed here. Keywords Phytosynthesis · Phytochemicals · Plant-mediated synthesis · Silver nanoparticles · Characterization · Green synthesis
Introduction Nanoparticles are gaining importance day by day in the scientific world due to their prominent applications in the field of medicine, optics, energy and catalysis, and so forth. The peculiarity of nanoparticles is due to their high surface to volume ratio [1, 2]. Metallic nanoparticles have been synthesized by top-down and bottom-up approaches comprising of various physical, chemical, and biological methods. The top-down approach like ball-milling comprises the fragmentation of perceptible particles to nanoparticles while a bottom-up approach such as precipitation starts from the atom and growing it to the nano-scale particles. From the past years, physical and chemical methods like sol–gel method, co-precipitation method, microwave-assisted synthesis, pulsed laser ablation, electrochemical synthesis, ultrasonication method and chemical reduction of metallic salts have been used in the fabrication of nanoparticles but recently, synthesis of metal nanoparticles based on plant parts and microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and yeast has been
extensively increased [3–10]. Compared to other methods, the synthesis through biological methods is most favorable for commercial production due to its simplicity, high efficiency, large-scale production, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendly approach. Further, the use of plant-mediated synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has gained more attention among aforesaid biogenic routes, as it eliminates the process of maintaining cell cultures and is non bio-hazardous [11–13]. Among other metallic nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles have gained enormous attention due to remarkable properties like surface plasma resonance (SPR), biocompatibility and high stability, they show a wide range of applications includ
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