A review on colorimetric methods for determination of organophosphate pesticides using gold and silver nanoparticles

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A review on colorimetric methods for determination of organophosphate pesticides using gold and silver nanoparticles I. S. Che Sulaiman 1 & B. W. Chieng 1 & M. J. Osman 2 & K. K. Ong 1,2 & J. I. A. Rashid 2 & W. M. Z. Wan Yunus 3 & S. A. M. Noor 2 & N. A. M. Kasim 1,2 & N. A. Halim 2 & A. Mohamad 4 Received: 23 April 2019 / Accepted: 6 October 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract This review (with 99 refs.) summarizes the progress that has been made in colorimetric (i.e. spectrophotometric) determination of organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) using gold and silver nanoparticles (NPs). Following an introduction into the field, a first large section covers the types and functions of organophosphate pesticides. Methods for colorimetric (spectrophotometric) measurements including RGB techniques are discussed next. A further section covers the characteristic features of gold and silver-based NPs. Syntheses and modifications of metal NPs are covered in section 5. This is followed by overviews on enzyme inhibition-based assays, aptamer-based assays and chemical (non-enzymatic) assays, and a discussion of specific features of colorimetric assays. Several Tables are presented that give an overview on the wealth of methods and materials. A concluding section addresses current challenges and discusses potential future trends and opportunities. Keywords Aggregation . Deaggregation . Assay . Silver nanoparticles . Gold nanoparticles

Introduction The increased use of pesticides in agriculture has become a global issue that results from excessive uses and the subsequent upper limits of pesticide residues set for agricultural products by respective authorities [1, 2]. Among pesticides, organophosphorus and carbamates are the most widely employed, representing ~40% of the world market of this class of compounds. Similar to chemical welfare nerve agents, organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) possess the same mechanism of action through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase

* K. K. Ong [email protected] 1

Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Sungai Besi Camp 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

2

Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Camp 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

3

Centre for Tropicalisation, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Camp 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

4

Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia

(AChE) enzyme, leading to toxicity continuum but less lethal than chemical welfare nerve agents [3]. Excessive use of pesticides can lead to chemical and heavy metal residues in farm products and result in serious environmental consequences. This class of pesticides widespread on earth surface and water bodies, thus remain persistence in the soil and may move to different areas via agricultural run-offs [4, 5]. Furthermo