Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment: Expert Perspectives
Antibiotic resistance is considered by different international organisations (e.g. World Health Organization, WHO; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO-UN; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD) as not only a
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Expert Perspectives References
Abstract Antibiotic resistance is considered by different international organisations (e.g. World Health Organization, WHO; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO-UN; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD) as not only a major threat to human life and wellbeing but also having tremendous economic impacts. Recent estimates indicate that globally at least 700,000 deaths per year are due to drug-resistant infections, with the largest and most important proportion of these attributable to antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections – and which are most often identified in hospitals. However, there are reasons to believe that antibiotic-resistant bacteria are common in the community, C. M. Manaia (*) Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal e-mail: [email protected] D. Graham School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon, Tyne, UK E. Topp Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada J. L. Martinez Centro Nacional de Biotecnología CSIC, Madrid, Spain P. Collignon Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia W. H. Gaze European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK Celia M. Manaia, Erica Donner, Ivone Vaz-Moreira, and Peiying Hong (eds.), Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment: A Worldwide Overview, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_472, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
C. M. Manaia et al.
where they are acquired from other people, animals, foods, water and/or other environmental sources. Over recent decades, the importance of the environment in the propagation and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has been better evidenced, with human and animal sewage representing the most important emission nodes in a complex network of transmission routes. While the relevance of environmental sources and paths of transmission are nowadays considered pivotal in any One Health discussion about antibiotic resistance, some key topics are still under debate in the scientific community. In this chapter, experts recognised in the field were invited to give their perspective on some commonly debated topics related to the risks and control of antibiotic resistance. Specifically, five invited experts gave their perspective on the relevance and control of the environmental dimensions of antibiotic resistance, based on six distinct thematic axes – transmission, critical control points, antibiotic-selective effects, interventions needed, authority’s awareness and engagement and priorities for action. Keywords Antibiotic-selective effects, Authority’s awareness and engagement, Critical control points, Interventions needed, Priorities for action, Transmission
1 Introduction The global dissemination of antibiotic resistance is an emblematic example of the impact
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