Antibiotic Resistance, Sanitation, and Public Health
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a serious threat to global health. In countries with poor sanitation conditions, the situation is worrisome. In this chapter, worldwide data, particularly from Brazil, supports a discussion about the risks of sewage an
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Introduction Outlook of Antibiotic Resistance Situation Worldwide and in Brazil Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistance in Municipal WWTPs Removal of Antimicrobial Resistance (ARB and ARGs) in WWTPs Livestock as an Important Source of Antibiotic Resistance Dissemination into the Environment 6 Antibiotic Resistance in Natural and Drinking Waters 7 Conclusions References
Abstract Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a serious threat to global health. In countries with poor sanitation conditions, the situation is worrisome. In this chapter, worldwide data, particularly from Brazil, supports a discussion about the risks of sewage and livestock manure on spreading antibiotic resistance, calling attention to the relationship between poor sanitation conditions, water pollution, and public health. The role of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and different treatment technologies in reducing AMR from municipal and livestock wastewaters are
J. C. de Araújo (*), D. L. Freitas, and E. C. Machado Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] S. de Queiroz Silva, A. R. Pereira, and C. de Paula Dias Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil S. F. de Aquino and A. G. de Oliveira Paranhos Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil Celia M. Manaia, Erica Donner, Ivone Vaz-Moreira, and Peiying Hong (eds.), Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment: A Worldwide Overview, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_470, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
J. C. de Araújo et al.
discussed based on the information available. It has been observed that municipal WWTPs with tertiary treatment systems can be decisive in the prevention and control of AMR spread and thus contribute to the maintenance of environmental and public health. Considering the information provided, there is a potential for antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance gene dissemination through conventional WWTP effluents and sludges, especially when the latter are used as biosolids. By reaching surrounding aquatic environments, antibiotic-resistant bacteria may arise as a threat for public health since WWTP and water treatment plants (WTP) are not normally designed to specifically remove AMR. In summary, globally and in particular, Brazil has a lot of challenges to monitor and control AMR not only in municipal WWTPs but also in clinical and natural environments. Accurate information provided by research and routine monitoring, political engagement, new policies, and multidisciplinary actions will be vital to tackle this problem. In the short term, the control of the antibiotic prescription and their use by the population and farmers (already in place) and the increase of sewage collection and treatment are strategic actions to reduce AMR and guarantee public health in the country. Keywords Antibiotic resistance in Brazi
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