Antibiotics from Marine Bacteria
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REVIEW
Antibiotics from Marine Bacteria V. A. Stonik1,a*, T. N. Makarieva1, and L. K. Shubina1 1
Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (PIBOC), 690022 Vladivostok, Russia a email: [email protected] Received July 3, 2020 Revised August 5, 2020 Accepted August 5, 2020
Abstract—This review discusses main directions and results of the studies on antibiotics produced by bacteria living in the marine environment. In recent years many obligate marine species and strains were studied, diverse metabolites were iso lated, and their chemical structures were elucidated. Among them here were natural compounds toxic against tumor cells, pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and malaria plasmodial species; these compounds often had no analogues among the natural products of terrestrial origin. Some isolated compounds form a basis of active ingredients in medicinal preparations used in clinic practice, while others are under different stages of preclinical or clinical studies. Much attention has been paid in recent years to producers of marinederived antibiotics isolated from the deepsea habitats, from the surface of marine inver tebrates and algae, as well as from symbiotic microorganisms. DOI: 10.1134/S0006297920110073 Keywords: marine bacteria, antibiotics, cytotoxic effect, antibacterial effect, antifungal effect, antiviral effect, antiparasitic effect
INTRODUCTION The discovery and widespread use of antibiotics had been of paramount importance for the fate of mankind and significantly reduced the number of deaths of epi demics that claimed lives of millions of people for many centuries. It is believed that this was one of the main caus es for the increase in human life expectancy. For example, in Russia at the end of the 19th century, it was about 30 years, by 19611962 it had grown to 67.85 years, and now life expectancy is about 73.4 years (2018). However, the main natural source of antibiotics, soil microorgan isms, has now significantly exhausted its potential, and the number of new antibiotics isolated from soil bacteria is decreasing. At the same time, the search for new antibiotics remains an important task due to the increasing number of cases of severe infections caused by various pathogens, primarily drugresistant strains. As a result, the number of patients with drugresistant diseases is increasing. In 2017, 10 million people were diagnosed with tuberculosis, and 1.6 million people (including 0.3 million people with HIV) died from this disease [1]. In 2008 a group of pathogens associated with the severe drugresistant infec * To whom correspondence should be addressed.
tions was identified, which was named “ESKAPE BUGS” (acronym of the Latin names of the following antibiotic insensitive pathogens: Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) referring to their ability to ESCAPE the effects of the commonly used antibiotics. Later, prop erties of th
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