Effect of sulfide on growth of marine bacteria
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Original Paper
Effect of sulfide on growth of marine bacteria Natella Mirzoyan · Harold J. Schreier
Received: 5 December 2013 / Revised: 6 February 2014 / Accepted: 24 February 2014 / Published online: 9 March 2014 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
Abstract Severe hypoxia leads to excess production of hydrogen sulfide in marine environments. In this study, we examined the effect of sulfide on growth of four facultative anaerobic marine bacteria in minimal media under anaerobic conditions. The Gram-negative chemolithoautotrophic Marinobacter sp. tolerated sulfide concentrations up to 0.60 mM, with doubling and lag times increasing as a function of increasing sulfide concentration but with no change in maximum culture yields; growth did not occur at 1.2 mM sulfide. Similar results were obtained for the metabolically diverse Gram-negative denitrifying Pseudomonas stutzeri, except that growth occurred at 1.2 mM and culture yields at 0.60 and 1.2 mM sulfide were approximately 10-fold lower than at sulfide concentrations between 0 and 0.30 mM. Increases in doubling and lag times accompanied by an overall 10-fold decrease in maximum culture yields were found for the Gram-negative chemoheterotrophic Vibrio sp. at all sulfide concentrations tested. In contrast, growth of a Gram-positive chemoheterotrophic Bacillus sp. was resistant to all sulfide concentrations tested (0.15– 1.2 mM). Our results highlight the variable responses of marine bacteria to sulfide and provide some insight into shifts that may occur in microbial community structure and
Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. N. Mirzoyan · H. J. Schreier (*) Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 701 E. Pratt St., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA e-mail: [email protected] H. J. Schreier Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
diversity as a consequence of changes in sulfide levels that are the result of hypoxia. Keywords Doubling times · Growth yields · Environmental stress · Growth curves
Introduction Dissolved oxygen concentrations in coastal, marine, and estuarine environments have changed drastically over the past decades as a result of both human-induced eutrophication and global climate change (Diaz and Rosenberg 2008; Vaquer-Sunyer and Duarte 2008; Lavik et al. 2009; Levin et al. 2009; Vaquer-Sunyer and Duarte 2010) with hypoxia increasing exponentially at a rate of 5.54 % per year (Vaquer-Sunyer and Duarte 2008). As a consequence of naturally occurring abiotic—e.g., volcanic, underground aquifer, mineral, and geothermal spring activities (Babich and Stotzky 1978; Kalciene and Cetkauskaite 2006; Lloyd 2006; Ghosh and Dam 2009; Luther et al. 2011)—and biotic sulfide production, severe hypoxia and total lack of oxygen (anoxia) can lead to excess production of hydrogen sulfide (Lavik et al. 2009; Levin et al. 2009; Grote et al. 2012). Biotic production of sulfide includes the reduction in ino
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