Association of SOX2, OCT4 and WNT5A Expression in Oral Epithelial Dysplasia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Immunoh
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Association of SOX2, OCT4 and WNT5A Expression in Oral Epithelial Dysplasia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Immunohistochemical Study Gopikrishnan Vijayakumar1 · Anjali Narwal1 · Mala Kamboj1 · Rajeev Sen2 Received: 13 October 2019 / Accepted: 10 December 2019 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The cancer stem cells deliver uncontrolled proliferative capacity within the tumor imparting to increasing size while epithelial mesenchymal transition adds to the invasive potential. Studies using specific markers elucidating the role of these phenomena may bring advancement in the targeted therapy of tumor. SOX2 and OCT4 are two among few stem cell markers indicative of proliferative potential and WNT5A is an epithelial mesenchymal transition marker indicative of invasive potential. We aimed to determine the association between expression of SOX2, OCT4 and WNT5A in oral epithelial dysplasia, oral squamous cell carcinoma and normal oral mucosa. 20 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma, 20 cases of oral epithelial dysplasia (leukoplakia with dysplasia) and 25 normal oral mucosa tissues specimens were immunohistochemically stained to assess SOX2, OCT4 and WNT5A expression. SOX2 expression was higher in oral squamous cell carcinoma than in oral epithelial dysplasia and very low in normal oral mucosa. OCT4 was very low in oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral epithelial dysplasia when compared to SOX2, while negative in normal tissues. Co-expression of SOX2 and OCT4 showed statistically non-significant difference for tumor proliferation. WNT5A expression was found to be increasing from normal oral mucosa to oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. In conformity with present study, SOX2 itself can act as a potential marker for proliferation in tumor cells while OCT4 has non-significant role in regulation of tumor behavior in oral squamous cell carcinoma as well as in oral epithelial dysplasia. WNT5A can be a putative marker in studying invasive potential of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Keywords Oral squamous cell carcinoma · Oral epithelial dysplasia · OCT4 · SOX2 · WNT5A
Introduction Cancer stem cells (CSC) are specialized population of cells in cancerous tissue with ability to initiate a tumor as well as to sustain their self-renewal property [1–3]. This property is usually shown by the cells of embryonic origin, known as embryonic stem cells (ESC) [1, 3]. These population of cells have high tumorigenic potential and are believed to * Gopikrishnan Vijayakumar [email protected] 1
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Pt. BD Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
Department of General Pathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Pt. BD Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
2
be largely responsible for the biological characteristics of cancer, namely, rapid growth, invasion, and metast
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