Noncoding RNAs in oral premalignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma
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REVIEW
Noncoding RNAs in oral premalignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma Fei Huang 1 & Chuan Xin 1 & Kexin Lei 1 & Hetian Bai 1 & Jing Li 1 & Qianming Chen 1 Accepted: 15 April 2020 # International Society for Cellular Oncology 2020
Abstract Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has the highest mortality rate among all head and neck cancers and a relatively low five-year survival rate. Generally, the development of an oral mucosal malignancy represents a multistep process beginning with normal oral mucosa epithelium and culminating in OSCC after transitioning through intermediary oral premalignant disorders (OPMDs), during which dysplasia is often observed. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are RNAs that are not translated into proteins, but still can participate in regulating neoplastic cell behavior. Recently, data have emerged on the role of ncRNAs in the progression of oral mucosal malignant diseases, but the exact mechanisms through which ncRNAs are involved remain to be elucidated. Conclusions Knowledge on ncRNAs has added an extra layer of complexity to our understanding of the malignant progression of oral mucosal diseases. The identification of ncRNAs in multiple body fluids as biomarkers may provide new diagnostic options that can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of OPMDs and OSCC, respectively. Despite overall advances that have been made in cancer treatment, the treatment options for OPMDs and OSCC are still limited. Several studies have shown that ncRNAbased treatment regimens may hold promise as alternative methods for treating OPMDs and OSCC. The use of ncRNAs as therapeutic agents, including miR-155, miR-34 and lncRNA HOTAIR, appear promising. Keywords Oral premalignant disorders . Oral squamous cell carcinoma . Noncoding RNAs
1 Introduction Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), characterized by differentiation and a tendency to undergo lymph node metastasis, is the most common malignant tumor in the head and neck region, with over 200,000 newly diagnosed tumors each year [1]. Smoking, alcohol use, betel chewing and HPV infection are considered the major risk factors for OSCC [2, 3]. In most cases, the progression of oral mucosal malignancy requires an extended duration and multiple steps that may or may not involve risk factors, because OSCC may exhibit complex genetic changes and pathologies. Normal oral keratinocytes may
* Jing Li [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People’s Republic of China
be affected by adverse factors, resulting in changes in their intracellular microenvironment and genome, the latter of which can propagate changes during proliferation [4, 5]. These affected oral keratinocyte clones can transform into premalignant diseases and even further deteriorate into invasive OSCC. Most cases of OSCC are preceded by
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