Biofuels and renewable chemicals production by catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose: a review
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REVIEW
Biofuels and renewable chemicals production by catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose: a review N. S. Hassan1 · A. A. Jalil1,2 · C. N. C. Hitam1 · D. V. N. Vo3 · W. Nabgan1,2 Received: 23 May 2020 / Accepted: 11 June 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The rise of consumption of traditional fossil fuels has caused emissions of greenhouse gas and deterioration of air quality. Biomass is a promising substitute for fossil fuels because biomass provides biofuels and chemicals by thermochemical conversion such as pyrolysis. In particular, fast pyrolysis of biomass cellulose into chemicals and biofuels has recently drawn attention. Issues of commercialization of fast pyrolysis products include low heating value, low stability, and high oxygen content and acidity. Consequently, new catalysts for enhanced cellulose conversion are sought for. Here, we review the production of biofuel and renewable chemicals from cellulose pyrolysis using acidic and basic catalysts. Acidic catalysts are more suitable to produce biofuels containing about 50% aromatic hydrocarbons, compared to basic catalysts which give biofuels containing 15% aromatic hydrocarbons. Basic catalysts are preferred to produce renewables chemicals, particularly ketone compounds. We explain the mechanism of cellulose pyrolysis with acidic and basic catalysts. The strong acid sites on the catalyst facilitate high selectivity for aromatic compounds in the pyrolysis oil, whereas basic active sites induce doublebond migration, increase carbon-coupling reactions, and ketone production. Keywords Biofuels · Renewable chemicals · Cellulose · Pyrolysis · Acidic catalyst · Basic catalyst
Introduction Due to the growing demand of 6% of total energy needs by around 2030, as projected by the International Energy Agency, the contribution of biofuels from renewable sources, dependence on the application and conversion of biomass via sustainable technologies could not be overlooked (Akalin et al. 2017; Balajii and Niju 2019; Hajilary et al. 2019). This is an emerging and auspicious technology for effective utilization of renewable feedstocks in an effort to reduce over-dependence on dwindling non-renewable * A. A. Jalil [email protected] 1
School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
2
Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
3
Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 755414, Viet Nam
energy sources (Srivastava et al. 2020; Peng et al. 2020). In recent times, conversion of lignocellulose biomass to produce liquid biofuels and other valuable chemicals has become the focus of research outputs (Stefanidis et al. 2016; Srivastava et al. 2017). This research area has gained global attention for being a cheap, non-edible, renewable and environmentally friendly sources with the aid of diffe
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