Biology
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MacmillanFoundations A new series o[introductory texts across a wide range o[subject areas to meet the needs o[ today's lecturers and students Foundations. texts provide complete yet concise coverage of co re topics and skills based on detailed research of course requirements suitable for both independent study and dass use - the firm foundations for future study.
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Biology JULIAN SUTTON
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MACMILLAN
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© Julian James Sutton 1998 Reprinted 2002 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency .. 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation co this publication may be liable co criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act I988. First published I998 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingscoke, Hampshire RG2I 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-1-4039-0562-8 ISBN 978-1-349-15201-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-15201-8
A catalogue record ror this book is availablc from the British Library. IO
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Typeset by Footnote Graphics, Warminster, Wilts
This edition is manufactured in India and is authorised for sale only in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka.
Contents Preface Acknowledgements Introduction Scienee and the nature of explanation
xiii
2
xiv
Explaining the Diversity of Life: Natural Selection 2.1 The theory of evolution 2.2 Natural seleetion
xv xv
Natural seleetion and adaptation Natural seleetion aets on individuals and on genes
2.3 Evolution of altruism 2.4 Sexual seleetion 2.5 Where do species eome
The Diversity of Organisms 1
Describing the Diversity ofLife 1.1 Why classify? 1.2 Boxes within boxes: the
taxonomie hierarehy and scientifie names
1.3 How classifieations are made 1.4 Five kingdoms, or even six Prokaryotae Animalia Fungi Plantae Protoetista Oddities
from ...? 2.6 ... and why do speeies disappear? 3
3 4
Kingdom Protoetista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Plantae
19 21 21 25 27 28 29 30 31 32
Summary Exercises
33
Further reading
35
34
7 7 8 8 8 8 8
1.5 A trip through the eukaryotic kingdoms
2.7 A drive for eomplexity? 2.8 The origin of life
3
19
9 9 11 12 16
Summary
17
Exercises
17
Further reading
18
Moleeules and Cells 3
Moleeules and Life 3.1 Molecules 3.2 Atoms and bonds Bonds Carbon skeletons, funetional groups Hy
