c-di-GMP Signaling Methods and Protocols
This volume provides a collection of protocols for the common experimental approaches used in the in the burgeoning field of c-di-GMP-dependent signaling. The chapters, divided into eight major parts, guide readers through methods on synthesis, detec
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Karin Sauer Editor
c-di-GMP Signaling Methods and Protocols
METHODS
IN
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7651
c-di-GMP Signaling Methods and Protocols
Edited by
Karin Sauer Department of Biological Sciences Binghamton University Binghamton, NY, USA
Editor Karin Sauer Department of Biological Sciences Binghamton University Binghamton, NY, USA
ISSN 1064-3745 ISSN 1940-6029 (electronic) Methods in Molecular Biology ISBN 978-1-4939-7239-5 ISBN 978-1-4939-7240-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-7240-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017943962 © Springer Science+Business Media LLC 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Humana Press imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media LLC The registered company address is: 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, U.S.A.
Preface From the relative obscurity of an allosteric activator of a bacterial cellulose synthase, dimeric (30 ! 50 ) GMP (cyclic di-GMP or c-di-GMP) has emerged as one of the most common, important, and truly universal bacterial second messengers. Cyclic di-GMP plays key roles in lifestyle changes of many bacteria, including transition from the planktonic to the sessile lifestyle, which aids in the establishment of multicellular biofilm communities, and from the virulent state in acute infections to the less virulent but more resilient state characteristic of chronic infectious diseases. C-di-GMP has also been shown to regulate motility, the cell cycle, and differentiation and to participate in interkingdom signaling, with c-di-GMP being recognized by mammalian immune systems as a uniquely bacterial molecule. Modulating cdi-GMP sig
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