Endocannabinoid Signaling Methods and Protocols
This volume encompasses all major methodologies to interrogate endocannabinoid systems (ECS) and endocannabinoids (eCBs) signaling. With increasing interest towards the manifold activities of eCBs, this book discusses the chemical, biochemical, and molecu
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Mauro Maccarrone Editor
Endocannabinoid Signaling Methods and Protocols
METHODS
IN
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7651
Endocannabinoid Signaling Methods and Protocols
Edited by
Mauro Maccarrone Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Editor Mauro Maccarrone Department of Medicine Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome Rome, Italy
ISSN 1064-3745 ISSN 1940-6029 (electronic) Methods in Molecular Biology ISBN 978-1-4939-3537-6 ISBN 978-1-4939-3539-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-3539-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016941495 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is a brand of Springer Springer Science+Business Media LLC New York is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface Since the isolation and characterization of the active phytocannabinoids in the cannabis (Cannabis sativa) plant, including the most psychoactive ingredient Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and after the identification and cloning of the target of THC, the type-1 cannabinoid receptor, and of its endogenous counterparts collectively termed “endocannabinoids (eCBs),” many efforts have been produced to study the different physiological functions modulated by what is now known as “endocannabinoid system (ECS).” eCBs are derivatives of arachidonic acid, resembling other lipid transmitters such as prostaglandins or leukotrienes. They are conjugated with ethanolamine to form fatty acid amides, or with glycerol to form monoacylglycerols; so far, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) represent the best studied and most active members of each class, respectively. In the last 20 years, an ever-growing interest towards the manifold activitie
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