Chemometric data analysis of gross radioactivity and heavy metal concentrations in soil and sediments of Bendimahi River
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Chemometric data analysis of gross radioactivity and heavy metal concentrations in soil and sediments of Bendimahi River, Turkey Sanem Şehribanoğlu1 · Halil Zorer2 · Özlem Selçuk Zorer3 Received: 24 March 2020 © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2020
Abstract This study deals with radioactivity and heavy metal distribution and statistical analyses in the Bendimahi River Basin, which is within the Lake Van Closed Basin, Turkey. In order to identify the relationships between measured variables and to categorize soils and sediments collected at 15 sites on Bendimahi River, factor and cluster analysis have been applied. The data set is constituted of 9 radiological and physico–chemical variables, including gross alpha and gross beta activities and Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Co and Mn concentrations. Factor and cluster analysis were used to describe the relationship and similarity among data sets (variables) for the Bendimahi River. The convergence diagnostics such as trace plot and kernel density were applied to determine the convergence criteria to the data sets. Keywords Gross radioactivity · Heavy metal · Cluster analysis · Factor analysis · Chemometrics
Introduction The amounts of naturally occurring radionuclides present throughout the Earth’s crust vary depending on the geochemical and geological environment. The concentrations of radionuclide in air, water and soil and hence in living organisms are due to the presence of naturally occurring radioactive elements like 232Th, 238U in the structure of minerals such as uraninite and thorite in volcanic rocks [1]. The geographical and geological formation of an area and human activities affect the radionuclide concentrations present in soil and water. Due to the decomposition of the rocks containing radioactive and heavy metal elements, these elements are present in different concentrations in soils and waters. At the same time, concentrations of radioactive and chemical substances in soil and water are increasing due to manmade activities such as mining, fertilizer production, grinding and processing of mineral sands, incineration of fossil * Özlem Selçuk Zorer [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, 65080 Van, Turkey
2
Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, 65080 Van, Turkey
3
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, 65080 Van, Turkey
fuel transportation. Pollutants mixed with soil and water by any of these routes can be consumed by plants and grazing animals, and therefore by humans and hence they constitute a health risk to populations. Measurement of gross alpha and gross beta activities gives an approximate idea of the degree of radioactive contamination in environmental samples [2]. The excessiveness of gross alpha concentration in the environmental samples is more worrying than the gross beta for natural radioactivity because it corresponds to the radioactivity of uranium, thorium and radium besides radon an
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