Circulating hormone and cytokine response to low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction in older men
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Circulating hormone and cytokine response to low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction in older men Stephen D. Patterson • Melanie Leggate Myra A. Nimmo • Richard A. Ferguson
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Received: 8 March 2012 / Accepted: 8 August 2012 / Published online: 25 August 2012 Ó Springer-Verlag 2012
Abstract It has been suggested that circulating hormones and cytokines are important in the adaptive response to low-load resistance training (LLRT) with blood flow restriction (BFR); however, their response following this type of training in older men is unclear. Seven healthy older men (age 71.0 ± 6.5 year, height 1.77 ± 0.05 m, body mass 80.0 ± 7.5 kg; mean ± SD) performed five sets of unilateral LLRT knee extensions (20 % 1-RM) of both limbs, with or without BFR in a counterbalanced order. For the BFR condition, a pressure cuff was applied on the upper thigh and inflated to *110 mmHg. Venous blood samples were taken at rest and 30-, 60- and 120-min postexercise and measured for plasma concentrations of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cortisol and interleukin-6 (IL-6). GH increased (P \ 0.05) from rest to 30-min post-exercise and was greater (P \ 0.05) during LLRT with BFR than without. VEGF was significantly (P \ 0.05) elevated from resting levels at 30-, 60- and 120-min post-exercise following LLRT with BFR with no change seen following LLRT without BFR. IL-6 increased (P \ 0.05) from 30- to 60-min post-exercise and remained elevated at 120-min post-exercise in both conditions. Cortisol and IGF-1 were unaffected following exercise. In
Communicated by Fabio Fischetti. S. D. Patterson M. Leggate M. A. Nimmo R. A. Ferguson School of Sport, Exercise and Health Science, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK S. D. Patterson (&) School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Marys’ University College, TwickenhamTW1 4SX, UK e-mail: [email protected]
conclusion, a single bout of LLRT with BFR increases the circulating concentrations of GH and VEGF in older men and may explain the skeletal muscle and peripheral vascular adaptations observed following training with BFR. Keywords Vascular occlusion Strength training Ageing Hypertrophy Angiogenesis
Introduction The ageing process is associated with a reduction in strength (Lindle et al. 1997; Skelton et al. 1994) and muscle blood flow (Dinenno et al. 1999; Proctor and Parker 2006), both of which contribute to the decline in physical function. It is well established that the decline in strength and blood flow can be attenuated or halted by regular physical activity such as resistance training. A large number of studies have demonstrated gains in maximal muscle strength in older people following resistance training, with increases in 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) ranging from 23 to 134 % (Frontera et al. 1988; Harridge et al. 1999; Reeves et al. 2004), which is associated with an improved ability to perform functional tasks, such as chair rising, stair
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