Comparative analysis of denitrification performance, denitrifying community and functional genes to oxytetracycline expo
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Comparative analysis of denitrification performance, denitrifying community and functional genes to oxytetracycline exposure between single and hybrid biodegradable polymers supported solid-phase denitrification systems Zeyu Lan . Jingyi Yang . Lijuan Feng Huiming Gao . Jiaheng Zhou
. Hui Yu . Xin Ye . Guangfeng Yang .
Received: 14 March 2020 / Accepted: 5 September 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Biodegradable carrier are vital for the solid-phase denitrification (SPD) systems for treating nitrate-rich water. Two solid-phase denitrification reactors were developed with both 200 g L-1 of single (polycaprolactone, PCL) (R1) and hybrid solid carbon sources (PCL/polylactic acid (PLA) /polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)) (R2) to examine the denitrification performance, denitrifying community and functional genes to various oxytetracycline (OTC) exposure in this study, respectively. Complete denitrification performance was achieved in the both SPD systems at low stress of OTC (1 mg L-1), but then dramatically reduced to less than 20% of nitrate reduction efficiency after one-month high OTC stress (10 mg L-1), and rapidly recovered to stable nitrate removal rates of 76.77 ± 5.48% (R1) and 40.68 ± 4.40% (R2) after the next day of no OTC stress. However, the reactor R1 with single PCL Zeyu Lan and Jingyi Yang are co-first authors, contributing equally to this paper. Z. Lan J. Yang L. Feng (&) H. Yu X. Ye G. Yang H. Gao Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, People’s Republic of China e-mail: [email protected] J. Zhou College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People’s Republic of China
carriers acquired more efficient nitrate removal rate than that of reactor R2 at the high OTC stress and recovery phase with OTC stress, mainly due to the more organics availability from the single PCL carriers. The richness and diversity of nirK and nirS deintrifiers significantly declined at high OTC stress, and much more of those occurred in biofilm R1 with more organics availability. Besides, biofilm R1 achieved much more abundant periplasmic nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase genes and tetracycline resistance genes after high OTC stress, which explained the potential resistance to OTC and rapid recovery efficiency after no stress of OTC. Thus, the organics availability played an important role in assuring SPD system to be efficient under high OTC stress. Keywords Solid-phase denitrification Biodegradable carrier Denitrifiers community Oxytetracycline Denitrification genes Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)
Introduction A global environmental problem of nitrate pollution plays an important role in causing eutrophication in receiving waters (Ghafari et al. 2008; Zhu et al. 2015). As the stricter wastewater effluent quality standards upgraded in some places of China, the secondary
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Biodegradation
sewage effluents cannot meet t
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