Comparative metagenomic analyses of a high-altitude Himalayan geothermal spring revealed temperature-constrained habitat
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Comparative metagenomic analyses of a high-altitude Himalayan geothermal spring revealed temperature-constrained habitat-specific microbial community and metabolic dynamics Nitish Kumar Mahato1 · Anukriti Sharma1 · Yogendra Singh1 · Rup Lal1,2 Received: 8 August 2018 / Revised: 21 December 2018 / Accepted: 29 December 2018 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Metagenomic surveys across microbial mat (~ 55 °C) samples of high-altitude (1760 m above sea level) Himalayan geothermal springs have revealed specialized community enriched with niche-specific functions. In this study, we have performed metagenomic sequence-based analyses to get insights into taxonomic composition and functional potential of hyperthermophiles in water (~ 95 °C) and sediment samples (78–98 °C). Community analyses revealed predominance of thermophilic bacterial and archeal genera dwelling in water in contrast to microbial mats (55 °C), namely Methylophilus, Methyloversatilis, Emticicia, Caulobacter, Thermus, Enhydrobacter and Pyrobaculum. Sediment samples having surface temperature (~ 78 °C) were colonized by Pyrobaculum and Chloroflexus while genus Massilia was found to be inhabited in high-temperature sediments (~ 98 °C). Functional analyses of metagenomic sequences revealed genetic enrichment of genes such as type IV secretion system, flagellar assembly and two-component system in contrast to mats. Furthermore, inter-sample comparison of enriched microbial diversity among water, sediment and microbial mats revealed habitat-specific clustering of the samples within same environment highlighting the role of temperature dynamics in modulating community structure across different habitats in same niche. However, function-based analysis demonstrated site-specific clustering among sediment, microbial mat and water samples. Furthermore, a novel thermophilic genotype of the genus Emticicia (designated as strain MM) was reconstructed from metagenome data. This is a correlative study between three major habitats present in geothermal spring environment, i.e., water, sediment and microbial mats revealing greater phylogenetic and functional dispersion emphasizing changing habitat-specific dynamics with temperature. Keywords Hot spring · Metagenomic · Thermophiles · Emticicia · Genome reconstruction · High temperature
Introduction The natural hot springs represent an extreme ecosystem where ambient temperatures often exceed 90 °C with extreme geochemical and physiological conditions, including heavy metal contamination and low oxygen potential Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-018-01616-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Rup Lal [email protected] 1
Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
PhiXgen Pvt. Ltd, Gurugram, India
2
(Sangwan et al. 2015). These are of special interest because bacteria and archaea along with their viruses p
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