Comparison of three electromembrane-based extraction systems for NSAIDs analysis in human urine samples
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RESEARCH PAPER
Comparison of three electromembrane-based extraction systems for NSAIDs analysis in human urine samples Noemí Aranda-Merino 1 & María Ramos-Payán 1 & Manuel Callejón-Mochón 1 & Mercedes Villar-Navarro 1 & Rut Fernández-Torres 1 Received: 15 May 2020 / Revised: 23 June 2020 / Accepted: 3 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A comparative study on the extraction efficiency of five non-steroidal anti-inflammatories was carried out using three different electromembrane extraction (EME) devices with different geometries. The employed setups were (a) a hollow fiber configuration (HF-EME), (b) a microfluidic device that allows working in semi-dynamic mode (μF-EME), and (c) a static miniaturized flat membrane device (FM-EME). Each system was applied to the extraction of salicylic acid (SAC), ketoprofen (KTP), naproxen (NAX), diclofenac (DIC), and ibuprofen (IBU) and subsequent determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV and fluorescence detection (HPLC/UV-DAD-FLD). Voltage, pH composition, and extraction time were optimized for all devices. Additionally, volume ratio was investigated for HF-EME and FM-EME and flow rate for the microfluidic device. HFEME provides the best result in terms of sensitivity with a limit of detection (LOD) between 0.1 and 1.5 ng mL−1 for SAC and KTP, respectively, while LODs for μF-EME were between 100 ng mL−1 and 400 ng mL−1 for SAC and DIC, respectively; however, a lower amount of sample was required. Finally, the obtained results, in terms of enrichment factors and extraction recoveries, were discussed to establish the advantages and disadvantages of each device. The proposed EME methods were successfully applied to the determination of the target analytes in fortified human urine samples. Keywords Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs . Human urine samples . Comparison EME devices . HPLC determination
Introduction Electromembrane extraction (EME) is a variant of the wellknown liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) based on supported liquid membrane techniques that appeared in 2006 [1, 2] with the purpose of accelerating the transfer of analytes through the membrane by applying an electric field to both sides of it. In this way, the analytes are selectively extracted from the donor phase to the acceptor phase [3]. In general, the
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02804-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Mercedes Villar-Navarro [email protected] * Rut Fernández-Torres [email protected] 1
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, c/Profesor García González s/n, 41012 Seville, Spain
configuration of EME devices involves two platinum wire electrodes (one in each phase) connected to an external power supply, although recently, several new setups have appeared, e.g., multi hollow fiber (HF) [4], nano-EME [5], HF-EME in tandem for the extraction of acidic and basic drugs [6], or the a
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