Comparison of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction with Static Extraction as Pre-Processing Method Before Gas Chromatography A
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Comparison of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction with Static Extraction as Pre-Processing Method Before Gas Chromatography Analysis of Cereal Lipids R. Gordon 1 & J. Chapman 1,2 & A. Power 1 & S. Chandra 1 & J. Roberts 1 & D. Cozzolino 1 Received: 10 June 2018 / Accepted: 15 June 2018 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018
Abstract A pre-processing method for the extraction of fatty acids from cereal grains is described. Ultrasound (sonication)assisted extraction was compared to a static extraction method as the pre-processing method before gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of barley, sorghum and corn grain samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify patterns in the chromatographic data and classify the samples based on the extraction treatment (sonication vs static). The results of the PCA clearly distinguish between the sonication and static samples. It was observed that the ultrasound-assisted extraction impacted the chromatographs of the grain samples, a factor which simplifies the interpretation of the data. In addition, the results showed the ability of using multivariate technique such as PCA to improve data interpretation. Keywords Fatty acids . Extraction . Cereal grain . Ultrasound . Transmethylation . GCMS
Introduction Investigating the fatty acid profile of cereal grain is important for understanding plant-environment interactions (Fox et al. 2003), quantifying the nutritional value (Dyer et al. 2008) and assessing the suitability for industrial food processing activities (Cozzolino and Degner 2016). In cereal grains, fatty acids are mostly found bound as triacylglycerols and only a small percentage are in the free fatty acid form (Kombe 2017). Triacylglycerols, composed of three fatty acid molecules esterified with glycerol, are the main form of lipids in plants. There are seven major fatty acids (FA) found in cereal grain, saturated FA such as lauric (dodecanoic), myristic (tetradecanoic), palmitic (hexadecenoic) and stearic (octadecanoic) and unsaturated oleic (cis 9-octadecenoic), linoleic (cis-9, cis-12 octadecadienoic) and linolenic (cis,cis,cis-9,12,15* D. Cozzolino [email protected] 1
The Agri-Chem Group, The School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland 4701, Australia
2
Present address: School of Science, RMIT, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester) acids. It is also known that lipids form associations with non-lipid compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins and cell membranes (Cozzolino et al. 2014). The initial step of chemical extraction involves extracting lipids using an organic solvent with solubility for a wide range of lipid compounds and sufficiently polar to remove the lipids from their complexes. Solvents such as n-hexane and petroleum ether or mixtures such as chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v) are examples found in the literature (Bligh and Dyer 1959; Bahrami et al. 2014). After extraction, an acid or base transesterifica
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