Complete genome sequence of a novel bacteriophage, ATCEA85, infecting Enterobacter aerogenes
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ANNOTATED SEQUENCE RECORD
Complete genome sequence of a novel bacteriophage, ATCEA85, infecting Enterobacter aerogenes Hyun Keun Oh1 · Jae Hak Jo1 · Yoon Jung Hwang1 · Heejoon Myung1,2 Received: 21 January 2020 / Accepted: 24 June 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Enterobacter aerogenes is a member of the ESKAPE group of bacteria, and multi-drug-resistant strains are increasingly being found. In this study, a novel bacteriophage, ATCEA85, which infects E. aerogenes, has been isolated and characterized. ATCEA85 is seen to have a circularly permuted linear double-stranded DNA genome of 47,484 base pairs in length. The closest related phage found in the databases is the Klebsiella phage Kp3, which exhibits 77% identity over a 34% query coverage. The G+C content of ATCEA85 is 56.2%, and 15 putative open reading frames are functionally annotated.
Introduction Enterobacter aerogenes is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the ESKAPE group of pathogens [1, 2]. It is an opportunistic pathogen, and multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains are frequently found [3, 4]. In addition, the bacterium is responsible for spreading carbapenem-resistance genes to other bacteria (carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter, CRE) [5, 6]. Options for efficiently treating infections with such strains are limited [7], and the development of new antibiotics has been very slow. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacterial hosts. After being discovered in the early 20th century, phages were used as antibacterial agents. Shortly after the discovery of phages, antibiotics, which were easier to develop and apply, were discovered and introduced. Antibiotics have since become the main antibacterial agent in use globally. However, with the advent of the era of drug-resistant
bacteria, phages and phage-derived products (mainly endolysins) are being developed as possible alternatives to antibiotics [8]. A number of phages that infect E. aerogenes have been reported to date [9–12]. Recently, an increasing number of studies demonstrating the in vivo efficacy of phage treatments with other pathogenic bacteria have been reported [13–15]. The host range of a bacteriophage is quite narrow, and phage-resistant mutant bacteria appear soon after exposure to a phage. In a kind of arms race, when resistant bacteria appear, mutation in the phage also occurs with these mutant phages then infecting the resistant bacteria [16–18]. Often, to hinder the ability of bacteria to effectively adapt and mutate, a cocktail consisting of several different phages is used in phage therapy. Thus, the continued isolation and characterization of new phages is required. In this study, we identify a novel phage that infects E. aerogenes and detail the sequencing and characterization of its genome.
Handling Editor: Johannes Wittmann.
Materials and methods
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04751-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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