Trace elements in two particle size fractions of urban soils collected from playgrounds in Bratislava (Slovakia)
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Trace elements in two particle size fractions of urban soils collected from playgrounds in Bratislava (Slovakia) Edgar Hiller . Lenka Filova´ . L’ubomı´r Jurkovicˇ . Martin Mihaljevicˇ . Lucia Lachka´ . Stanislav Rapant
Received: 11 November 2019 / Accepted: 26 June 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Today, it is proven that the contaminated urban soils are hazardous for the human health. Soil substrates of playgrounds call for special research as they are places where children are directly exposed to soil contaminants. Therefore, the objective of this work was to measure the pseudo-total contents and bioaccessibility of several metals and metalloids (As, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, V, Zn) in two grain sizes (\ 150 lm and \ 50 lm) of playground soils in Bratislava city (the capital of Slovakia). The content of metal(loid)s in the soils was controlled by a number of factors, with their increased
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00656-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. E. Hiller (&) L’. Jurkovicˇ L. Lachka´ S. Rapant Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicˇova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic e-mail: [email protected] L. Filova´ Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska´ dolina 1, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovak Republic M. Mihaljevicˇ Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
contents (above 75% percentile or higher) at sites influenced by point sources of pollution (industry and agriculture) or at old sites located in the city centre. Cobalt, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni and V had relatively uniform contents in soils compared to the other elements. As regression modelling with a categorical variable confirmed, the age of urban areas influenced the accumulation of As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb and Sn in playground soils. Exploratory statistical techniques with compositionally transformed data (principal component analysis, cluster analysis and construction of symmetric coordinates for correlation analysis) divided trace elements into the two main groupings, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, V and Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn, Zn. Median concentrations of the elements in smaller soil grains (\ 50 lm) were significantly higher than in coarser grains (\ 150 lm). Cobalt, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sn and Zn had significantly higher bioaccessible proportions (% of the pseudo-total content) in \ 50 lm soil size than in \ 150 lm; however, the same order of bioaccessibility was achieved in both grain sizes. The highest bioaccessibility had Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn (* 40% and more), followed by Co, As, Mn, Sb (18–27%), Hg, Ni, Sn (10–12%) and finally Cr, Fe and V (less than 4%). The hazard index and carcinoge
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