Simple and Green Heat-Induced Deep Eutectic Solvent Microextraction for Determination of Lead and Cadmium in Vegetable S
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Simple and Green Heat-Induced Deep Eutectic Solvent Microextraction for Determination of Lead and Cadmium in Vegetable Samples by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry: a Multivariate Study Nail Altunay 1
&
Adil Elik 2 & Deniz Bingöl 3
Received: 3 December 2019 / Accepted: 30 January 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this study, a simple, green, and cheap analytical procedure based on heat-induced deep eutectic solvent microextraction (HIDES-ME) coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS) was developed for the determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) in vegetables. After the preliminary experiment, response surface methodology (RMS) based on central composite design (CCD) was used for the optimization of critical factors such as pH of sample solution, amount of extraction solvent, temperature, and amount of ligand. Microwave step was applied for the digestion of vegetable samples. Under optimum conditions obtained by the CCD, calibration graphs for Pb(II) and Cd(II) were linear in the concentration range of 0.5–250 and 1.0–300 ng mL−1, respectively. Limits of detection (LODs) and sensitivity enhancement factor (SIFs) were found in the range of 0.17–0.35 ng mL−1 and 93–67 ng mL−1, respectively. Relative standard deviations (N = 10, RSDs%) for Pb(II) (10 ng mL−1) and Cd(II) (50 ng mL−1) were 3.7% and 2.3%, respectively. In order to validate the proposed method, certified reference material (CRM) and spiked samples were used. Experimental results showed that there was no significant difference between the obtained and certified values. Then, the proposed method was successfully applied for the preconcentration and determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) in different vegetables. Keywords Lead . Cadmium . Microwave digestion . Deep eutectic solvent . Vegetables . Central composite design
Introduction Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) have negative effects both for human health and the environment [1]. Industrial and technological activities, urban wastes, agricultural fertilizers, and drugs are the reasons for the excessive spread of Pb and Cd to the environment [2]. Vegetable samples obtained from Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02064-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Nail Altunay [email protected] 1
Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, TR-58140 Sivas, Turkey
2
Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, TR-58140 Sivas, Turkey
3
Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry, Kocaeli University, TR-41380 Kocaeli, Turkey
contaminated soils may contain Cd and Pb. Depending on the consumption of these vegetables, significant health problems (lung cancer, prostate cancer, stomach cancer, brain tumor, etc.) may occur in humans [3]. Therefore, it remains important to develop new analytical methods for the determination of trace amounts of Cd and Pb in vegetables for bo
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