Effects of polystyrene microparticles on inflammation, antioxidant enzyme activities, and related gene expression in Nil
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effects of polystyrene microparticles on inflammation, antioxidant enzyme activities, and related gene expression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Ehsan Ahmadifar 1 & Naser Kalhor 2 & Mahmoud A.O. Dawood 3 & Mehdi Ahmadifar 4 & Mohsen Shahriari Moghadam 5 & Safoura Abarghouei 6 & Aliakbar Hedayati 6 Received: 29 July 2020 / Accepted: 17 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Due to the importance of Nile tilapia in the aquaculture sector, the present study aimed to evaluate the adverse impacts of the polystyrene microparticles (PS-MPs) on inflammation, immune, and antioxidative responses. For this reason, fish were exposed to waterborne PS-MPs at two sizes (9 μm and 0.35 μm) beside the control group for 28 days. Regardless of particle size, the final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio of Nile tilapia were not influenced by the PS-MPs exposure (P > 0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly increased in the group exposed to 9 μm and followed by those exposed to 0.35 μm while the lowest SOD, GPX, and MDA were in the control group. The expression of catalase (CAT) and lysozyme genes were upregulated in the group of fish exposed to 9 μm (P < 0.05). The expression of the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) gene was upregulated in fish exposed to 9 μm and 0.35 μm when compared with the control (P < 0.05). The expression of interleukin 8 (IL8), interleukin (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) genes was upregulated in the group of fish exposed to 9 μm (P < 0.05). The hepatic mRNA levels of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) gene were significantly upregulated in the group of fish exposed to 9 μm when compared with the control (P < 0.05) without significant differences with those exposed to 0.35 μm (P > 0.05). The obtained results refer to the adverse effects of PSMPs on the antioxidative, inflammatory, and detoxification-related genes of Nile tilapia. Keywords Nile tilapia . Polystyrene . Inflammation . Detoxification . Antioxidation
Introduction Responsible Editor: Ludek Blaha * Ehsan Ahmadifar [email protected] 1
Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
2
Department of Mesanchymal stem cell, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Qom branch, Qom, Iran
3
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
4
Department of Stem Cell Biology and Technology of ACECR, Royan Institute, Cell Science Research Center, Collage of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Tehran, Iran
5
Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
6
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
The unstable environmental conditions affect the health, performances, and the quality of aquatic animals required for the secure and safe food chain (Dawood 2020). Nile tilapia (
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