Effects of Resistance Training on Physical Fitness in Healthy Children and Adolescents: An Umbrella Review
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SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Effects of Resistance Training on Physical Fitness in Healthy Children and Adolescents: An Umbrella Review Melanie Lesinski1 · Michael Herz1 · Alina Schmelcher1 · Urs Granacher1
© The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Background Over the past decades, an exponential growth has occurred with regards to the number of scientific publications including meta-analyses on youth resistance training (RT). Accordingly, it is timely to summarize findings from meta-analyses in the form of an umbrella review. Objectives To systematically review and summarise the findings of published meta-analyses that investigated the effects of RT on physical fitness in children and adolescents. Design Systematic umbrella review of meta-analyses. Data Sources Meta-analyses were identified using systematic literature searches in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Eligibility Criteria for Selecting Meta‑analyses Meta-analyses that examined the effects of RT on physical fitness (e.g., muscle strength, muscle power) in healthy youth (≤ 18 years). Results Fourteen meta-analyses were included in this umbrella review. Eleven of these meta-analyses reported betweensubject effect sizes which are important to eliminate bias due to growth and maturation. RT produced medium-to-large effects on muscle strength, small-to-large effects on muscle power, small-to-medium effects on linear sprint, a medium effect on agility/change-of-direction speed, small-to-large effects on throwing performance, and a medium effect on sport-specific enhancement. There were few consistent moderating effects of maturation, age, sex, expertise level, or RT type on muscle strength and muscle power across the included meta-analyses. The analysed meta-analyses showed low-to-moderate methodological quality (AMSTAR2) as well as presented evidence of low-to-very low quality (GRADE). Conclusion This umbrella review proved the effectiveness of RT in youth on a high evidence level. The magnitude of effects varies according to the respective outcome measure and it appears to follow the principle of training specificity. Larger effect sizes were found for strength-related outcome measures. Future studies should consistently report data on participants’ maturational status. More research is needed with prepubertal children and girls, irrespective of their maturational status.
1 Introduction Despite previous misconceptions on the effectiveness and safety of youth resistance training (RT), more recent studies show convincing evidence of RT on markers of performance and health in healthy children and adolescents, if Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01327-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Urs Granacher urs.granacher@uni‑potsdam.de 1
Research Focus Cognition Sciences, Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
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