Electrochemical Sensor Based on Beeswax and Carbon Black Thin Biofilms for Determination of Paraquat in Apis mellifera H
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Electrochemical Sensor Based on Beeswax and Carbon Black Thin Biofilms for Determination of Paraquat in Apis mellifera Honey Daniel Cardoso de Souza 1 & Luiz Otávio Orzari 1 & Paulo Roberto de Oliveira 1 & Cristiane Kalinke 2 & Juliano Alves Bonacin 2 & Osmar Malaspina 3 & Roberta Cornélio Ferreira Nocelli 1 & Bruno Campos Janegitz 1 Received: 18 May 2020 / Accepted: 15 October 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The development of new materials for electrochemical sensors has been received attention due to the search for sustainability. However, the use of in natura materials from vegetable and animal origin is still little explored for this purpose. Therefore, this work aims to use beeswax as biofilm, as an environmentally friendly and sustainable platform for incorporating carbon black nanoparticles. The electrode was prepared by a simple dispersion of beeswax and carbon black on the surface of the glassy carbon electrode. The proposed modified electrode was used to determine the herbicide paraquat (PQ) in 3 different samples of Apis mellifera honey. The presence of carbon black decreases the electrical resistance when compared with the bare electrode. The beeswax-carbon black film considerably increased the sensitivity of the PQ determination measures at a concentration range between 5.0 × 10−7 and 7.5 × 10−6 mol L−1. Samples with PQ contents between 7.5 × 10−7 and 7.5 × 10−6 mol L−1 presented recovery values from 97.2 to 114%. Also, the proposed sensor showed good repeatability and reproducibility for successive measurements. This suggests the use of the proposed electrode is feasible as an alternative strategy in the monitoring of herbicides in honey samples. Keywords Biocomposite . Beeswax . Carbon black . Paraquat determination . Herbicide
Introduction The use of films capable of incorporating materials with attractive properties from an electrochemical standpoint is widely used in the development of electrochemical sensors (Dongmo et al. 2017; Oliveira et al. 2013). The attractiveness of these is mainly due to the versatility of the materials that can be used, such as non-conductive polymeric materials (Bertoncello et al. 2008), conductive polymer (Zheng et al. 2013), and biopolymers (Janegitz et al. 2007; Rajesh Banu Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-02001900-6. * Bruno Campos Janegitz [email protected] 1
Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Araras, SP 13600-970, Brazil
2
Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
3
Center of Social Insects Studies, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil
et al. 2019). It should be noted the use of biopolymers has been highlighted in the development of biofilms, such as in the preparation of modified electrochemical sensors (Banu et al. 2019; Janegitz et al. 2007; Mahalakshmi et al. 2019; O
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