The Potential Use of Myogenic Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine
More than a century after the initial description ofmuscular dystrophy, no curative treatment is currently available. To date, clinical trials with myogenic stem cell transplantation have met with only modest success. There are multiple factors behind the
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he Potential Use of Myogenic Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine G. Grenier · M.A. Rudnicki (u) Molecular Medicine Program and Centre for Stem Cell and Gene Therapy, Ottawa Health Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road , Ottawa Ontario, K1H 8L6, Canada [email protected]
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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Muscle Regeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3
Myogenic Stem Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . Muscle-Derived Myogenic Stem Cells . . . Satellite Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Muscle-Derived Side Population Cells . . . Muscle Resident Sca-1+ CD45+ Stem Cells . Adult Muscle-Derived CD34+ . . . . . . . . Embryonic Muscle-Derived CD34+ . . . . . Non-Muscle-Derived Myogenic Stem Cells . Bone Marrow-Derived Myogenic Stem Cells Mesoangioblasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adult Fibroblasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract More than a century after the initial description of muscular dystrophy, no curative treatment is currently available. To date, clinical trials with myogenic stem cell transplantation have met with only modest success. There are multiple factors behind these failures, yet they provide powerful insights for improvement. In this chapter, we review the different myogenic stem cell populations that have been reported to be potential vectors for the treatment of myopathies in a context of regenerative medicine. Keywords Skeletal muscle · Myogenic stem cells · Regeneration Abbreviations DMD MPC MTT BM MDSC SP
Duchenne muscular dystrophy Muscle progenitor cell Myoblast transplantation therapy Bone marrow Muscle-derived stem cell Side population
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G. Grenier · M. A. Rudnicki
1 Introduction Muscular dystrophies form a heterogeneous group of neuromuscular disorders, characterized by a progressive muscle weakness resulting in ambulatory deficiency that leads to death by respiratory insufficiency in some cases (Blake et al. 2002; Emery 2002; Nishino and Ozawa 2002). Furthermore, muscle fiber necrosis, chronic inflammation, and muscle wasting due to the exhaustion of the pool of muscle progenitor cells, the satellite cells, are commonly observed (for a review see Dalkilic and Kunkel 2003). Although muscular dystrophies were described more than 150 years ago, therapies remain only sup
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