Estimation of native and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seabirds from the south coast of the Balti
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Estimation of native and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seabirds from the south coast of the Baltic Sea Ilona Waszak 1
&
Karolina Jonko-Sobuś 1 & Agnieszka Ożarowska 2 & Grzegorz Zaniewicz 2
Received: 12 December 2019 / Accepted: 26 August 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Native and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were examined in the muscle, liver, kidneys, and lungs of greater scaup (Aythya marila) and great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus). Both species showed differences in distribution and profiles among the tissues. The highest PAH concentrations were in the scaup lungs and the grebe kidneys (20 and 19 ng g−1 wet weight, respectively). Alkylated derivatives were in the range of 61 to 77% of ΣPAHs in both species. Differences in PAH profiles between birds, analyzed by PCA, were probably results of metabolic capability, not various diet. In comparison to available data from other regions of the world, PAH levels in investigated species are relatively low and do not pose a threat to birds themselves. Keywords Native PAHs . Alkylated PAHs . Greater scaup . Great crested grebe . Seabirds . Baltic Sea
Introduction Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous and well-known environmental pollutants which have attracted a lot of scientific interest due to tendency to bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the food web. Furthermore, some of them are genotoxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic; as a consequence, they can lead to many disorders such as reproductive dysfunction, increased susceptibility to diseases or other stresses, and changes in the behavior of animals and humans (Custer et al. 2000). PAHs never occur in the environment as individual compounds, but as a mixture of many components, including
Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10653-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ilona Waszak [email protected] 1
Department of Food and Environmental Chemistry, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute (NMFRI), 1 Kołłątaja Str, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland
2
Avian Ecophysiology Unit, Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza Str, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
hundreds of parent PAHs and their alkylated derivatives. In contrast to unsubstituted compounds, alkylated PAHs (aPAHs) are more resistant to degradation and therefore, they are longer present in the environment. Little is known about the toxic properties of aPAHs, although there are reports that they may pose a greater risk to organisms than their parent counterparts (Marvanová et al. 2008). For this reason, it is pointed out that not only PAHs but also their alkylated derivatives (EPA 2003; 2004) should be included in the environmental risk assessment. Distribution and concentrations of PAHs in various environmental components depend on many factors. The type of source and origin determines the nature and
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