Extraction and recovery processes for cynaropicrin from Cynara cardunculus L. using aqueous solutions of surface-active
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Extraction and recovery processes for cynaropicrin from Cynara cardunculus L. using aqueous solutions of surface-active ionic liquids Emanuelle L. P. de Faria 1 & Melissa V. Gomes 1 & Ana Filipa M. Cláudio 1 & Carmen S. R. Freire 1 & Armando J. D. Silvestre 1 & Mara G. Freire 1 Received: 2 October 2017 / Accepted: 13 December 2017 # International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics (IUPAB) and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2017
Abstract Due to the wide range of relevant biological activities and high commercial value of cynaropicrin, and aiming at developing costeffective processes, aqueous solutions of ionic liquids (ILs) were investigated for the extraction and recovery of cynaropicrin from the leaves of Cynara cardunculus L. Both cationic (1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) and anionic (cholinium carboxylate) surface-active ILs were investigated, as well as a wide range of conventional surfactants and molecular organic solvents, allowing us to conclude that aqueous solutions of cationic surface-active ILs display a better performance for the extraction of cynaropicrin. Operational conditions were optimized, leading to a cynaropicrin extraction yield of 3.73 wt%. The recycling of both the biomass and the solvent were further investigated to appraise the extraction media saturation and to achieve a higher cynaropicrin extraction yield (6.47 wt%). Finally, it was demonstrated that 65 wt% of the extracted cynaropicrin can be efficiently recovered by precipitation from the IL aqueous extract through the addition of water as anti-solvent, allowing us to put forward both the extraction and recovery processes of the target value-added compound from biomass followed by solvent recycling. This approach opens the door to the development of more sustainable processes using aqueous solutions of ILs instead of the volatile organic solvents commonly used in biomass processing. Keywords Cynaropicrin . Biomass . Extraction . Recovery . Ionic liquids . Aqueous solutions
Introduction Cynara cardunculus L. (Asteraceae) is a Mediterranean plant species comprising three varieties, namely var. sylvestris (L.) Fiori (wild cardoon), var. scolymus (L.) Fiori (globe artichoke), and var. altilis (DC) (cultivated cardoon) (Wiklund 1992). Of these, cultivated cardoon has been largely explored due to its fleshy stems and leaf petioles. This variety is used in regional dishes in European This article is part of a Special Issue on ‘Ionic Liquids and Biomolecules’ edited by Antonio Benedetto and Hans-Joachim Galla Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12551-017-0387-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Mara G. Freire [email protected] 1
CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, University Campus of Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
countries (Gatto et al. 2013), as a source of aspartic proteinases for milk clotting during ewe cheese manufacturing (Verissimo et al. 1
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