Fabrication and characterization of three-dimensional porous cornstarch/n-HAp biocomposite scaffold
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Bull Mater Sci (2020) 43:249 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-020-02217-0
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Fabrication and characterization of three-dimensional porous cornstarch/n-HAp biocomposite scaffold C Y BEH1, E M CHENG1,* , N F MOHD NASIR1, M S ABDUL MAJID1, M R MOHD ROSLAN1, K Y YOU2, S F KHOR3 and M J M RIDZUAN1 1
School of Mechatronic Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Pauh Putra Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia 2 School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia 3 School of Electrical Systems Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Pauh Putra Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia *Author for correspondence ([email protected]) MS received 9 November 2019; accepted 3 May 2020 Abstract. The aim of this study is to investigate the morphological, functional group, crystallinity and mechanical properties of a three-dimensional porous cornstarch/n-HAp (nano-hydroxyapatite) biocomposite scaffold. In this study, cornstarch/n-HAp scaffolds were fabricated using the solvent casting and particulate leaching technique. The porous cornstarch/n-HAp composites with various cornstarch contents (30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 wt%) were prepared and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer and compression test. The morphology of the scaffolds possessed macropores (200–600 lm) and micropores (50–100 lm) with a high interconnectivity. The porosity of the porous cornstarch/n-HAp scaffolds varied between 53 and 70% with compressive strength and compressive modulus of 2.03 and 8.27 MPa, respectively. The results suggested that highly porous cornstarch/ n-HAp scaffold properties with adequate mechanical properties can be obtained for applications in bone tissue engineering. Keywords.
1.
Scaffold; hydroxyapatite; mechanical; porous; starch.
Introduction
There is a high demand for alternative materials of human bones due to the increase of bone illnesses and longer life expectancy [1–3]. The development of manufactured materials is a major concern and requires assurance in supplanting bone tissues [4–6]. The alternative materials are expected to resemble the natural bone tissue. Hence, the manufactured material must be bioactive and possess resorbable properties, to enhance the host tissue regeneration and supplant the embedded material with newly implanted bone tissue [7–12]. As a potential bioceramic material, hydroxyapatites (HAp) (calcium phosphates) have been studied extensively for bone substitution in composite materials [13] due to their bioactivity, biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. These properties are used to describe capability in advanced cell proliferation, differentiation and adhesion [7,10]. However, HAp is brittle. Moreover, it is difficult to prepare HAp in complex forms as it does not possess the satisfactory features required for tissue engineering [1,7,13,14]. Thus, natural polymers, e.g., starch is crucial for u
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