Three-Dimensional Porous Trabecular Scaffold Exhibits Osteoconductive Behaviors In Vitro
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Three-Dimensional Porous Trabecular Scaffold Exhibits Osteoconductive Behaviors In Vitro Brittany L Taylor 1,2 & Xiomara I. Perez 2 & James Ciprano 2 & Chinyere Onyekachi Utaegbulam Freeman 3 & Aaron Goldstein 3 & Joseph Freeman 2 Received: 4 May 2018 / Accepted: 20 October 2018 # The Regenerative Engineering Society 2018
Abstract In the USA, approximately 500,000 bone grafting procedures are performed annually to treat injured or diseased bone. Autografts and allografts are the most common treatment options but can lead to adverse outcomes such as donor site morbidity and mechanical failure within 10 years. Due to this, tissue engineered replacements have emerged as a promising alternative to the biological options. In this study, we characterize an electrospun porous composite scaffold as a potential bone substitute. Various mineralization techniques including electrodeposition were explored to determine the optimal method to integrate mineral content throughout the scaffold. In vitro studies were performed to determine the biocompatibility and osteogenic potential of the nanofibrous scaffolds. The presence of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and brushite throughout the scaffold was confirmed using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, and ash weight analysis. The active flow of ions via electrodeposition mineralization led to a threefold increase in mineral content throughout the scaffold in comparison to static and flow mineralization. Additionally, a ten-layer scaffold was successfully mineralized and confirmed with an alizarin red assay. In vitro studies confirmed the mineralized scaffold was biocompatible with human bone marrow derived stromal cells. Additionally, bone marrow derived stromal cells seeded on the mineralized scaffold with embedded HAp expressed 30% more osteocalcin, a primary bone protein, than these cells seeded on non-mineralized scaffolds and only 9% less osteocalcin than mature pre-osteoblasts on tissue culture polystyrene. This work aims to confirm the potential of a biomimetic mineralized scaffold for full-thickness trabecular bone replacement. Lay Summary Bioengineered options for trabecular bone replacement should be porous for cellular infiltration and bioactive to promote the formation of new bone tissue. This work features techniques to increase mineralization within full-thickness porous nanofibrous scaffolds. In vitro studies elucidated the biocompatibility and osteogenic potential of the mineralized trabecular scaffold by promoting human bone marrow–derived stromal cell proliferation and primary bone protein expression. The end goal of this work is to combine this porous trabecular scaffold with a pre-vascularized cortical bone scaffold to yield a full-dimensional biomimetic bone construct with the ability to promote simultaneous multidifferentiation of stem cells in vivo. Keywords Tissue engineering . Scaffolds . Trabecular bone . Mineralization
Introduction
* Brittany L Taylor [email protected] 1
McKay Orthopaedic Research Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Ph
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