Groundwater quality evaluation for different uses in the lower Ketar Watershed, Ethiopia
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Groundwater quality evaluation for different uses in the lower Ketar Watershed, Ethiopia Mesfin Benti Tolera . Hanna Choi . Sun Woo Chang . Il-Moon Chung
Received: 26 February 2019 / Accepted: 25 December 2019 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Groundwater quality samples from 33 wells were collected in the lower Ketar watershed (Ethiopia) to study its suitability for domestic and irrigation purposes. Samples were evaluated for major ions and physicochemical properties. In 58% of the samples analyzed, Ca2? is the dominant cation and Na? dominates the remaining 42% of the samples. Among the anions found during analyzation, HCO3is the solo dominant ion in all the wells sampled. The order of the concentration of the major ions was Ca2? [ Na? [ Mg2? [ K? for the cations and HCO3- [ SO42- [ Cl [ NO3- for the anions. AquaChem analysis shows that Ca–HCO3 and Na–HCO3 are the major water types in the area. The analyses indicated that the dissolution of fluorite or fluorapatite M. B. Tolera S. W. Chang I.-M. Chung (&) Civil and Environment Engineering Department, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea e-mail: [email protected] M. B. Tolera S. W. Chang I.-M. Chung Department of Land, Water and Environment Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyang 10223, Korea M. B. Tolera Water Resources Engineering Department, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia H. Choi Groundwater Department, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, Korea
is the possible source of the high fluoride concentration in the area. And, the interactions between water and rock and cation exchanges mainly determine the water quality. The suitability of the groundwater for use in irrigation was evaluated based on the salinity (EC), SAR, %Na, RSC, PI, KR, and the USSL Salinity diagram. The groundwater from most of the wells can be used for irrigation without any significant restriction except for a few of the wells downstream. Its suitability for domestic use was evaluated by comparing with the WHO standard limits. The parameters limiting the use of this groundwater for drinking purposes are F- (94%), HCO3- (45%), and Ca2? (33%). All the remaining major cations and anions complied with the WHO standard limits for drinking. Keywords Lower Ketar Groundwater suitability Water quality parameters Saturation index Statistical correlation analyses
Introduction Groundwater has served as a source of water for household consumption and development in most parts of the world for centuries. The demand and abstraction of groundwater are increasing significantly all over the world as a result of the significant growth in population, industrialization, urbanization, and
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Environ Geochem Health
global climate change (Green 2016; Lutz et al. 2010; WWDR 2015). This has led to various problems such as over-extraction and a deterioration in the water quality, land subsidence, and the salinizat
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