High Level of Resistance to Antimicrobials and Heavy Metals in Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas sp. Isolated from Water S
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High Level of Resistance to Antimicrobials and Heavy Metals in Multidrug‑Resistant Pseudomonas sp. Isolated from Water Sources Micaela Santana Ramos1 · João Pedro Rueda Furlan1 · Inara Fernanda Lage Gallo1 · Lucas David Rodrigues dos Santos1 · Tatiana Amabile de Campos2 · Eduardo Angelino Savazzi3 · Eliana Guedes Stehling1,4 Received: 8 January 2020 / Accepted: 23 May 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) carrying antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) have been increasingly detected in water sources. Pseudomonas sp. are opportunistic pathogens commonly reported in water samples and different antimicrobial resistance mechanisms have been described in Pseudomonas sp., producing multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype. Besides, the presence of heavy metal resistance genes (HMRGs) may select ARB, which is worrying. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the genotypes of Pseudomonas sp. isolated from different water sources. Water samples (i.e., rivers, streams, lakes and sewage treatment plants) were collected from different cities in Brazil. The bacterial identification was performed by sequencing the 16S rDNA and the resistance profile to antimicrobials and heavy metals were determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Several ARGs, HMRGs, and plasmids were researched by PCR and the amplicons were sequenced for confirmation. A total of 23 Pseudomonas sp. isolates were obtained and identified as Pseudomonas saponiphila, Pseudomonas hunanensis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Pseudomonas asiatica. These isolates presented high MICs to antimicrobials and heavy metals, being the great majority (n = 21; 91%) classified as MDR. Different clinically important ARGs were detected, such as blaGES, qnrS, qepA, tetB, aac(3′)-IIa, and ant(2″)-Ia. The czcA gene was the only HMRG detected and no plasmids were found. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the world of P. saponiphila carrying ARGs (i.e., blaGES, qnrS, aac(3′)-IIa, tetB) and QepA-producing P. hunanensis and the first time of P. saponiphila, P. asiatica, and P. hunanensis in Brazil.
Introduction
* Eliana Guedes Stehling [email protected] 1
Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
2
Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
3
Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
4
Present Address: Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café S/N. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040‑903, Brazil
The steep use of antimicrobials and their inappropriate discard have become a worldwide concern since it selects antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) as well as the antimicrobial resistance
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