Identification and classification of the Tetrasphaera genus in enhanced biological phosphorus removal process: a review
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REVIEW PAPER
Identification and classification of the Tetrasphaera genus in enhanced biological phosphorus removal process: a review Yihan Zhang . Maureen N. Kinyua
Received: 3 July 2020 / Accepted: 5 September 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Tetrasphaera are an attractive putative group of polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) that may play an important role in the enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process. Unlike conventional PAOs that mostly rely on volatile fatty acids (VFAs), Tetrasphaera can assimilate a wide range of carbon substrates including glucose and various amino acids (e.g., glycine, glutamate, and aspartate). In addition, they have the ability to produce VFAs. This functional versatility confers significant performance and economic benefits for its application in EBPR processes. However, before the wastewater industry can harness these
benefits, fundamental knowledge of their taxonomy, classification and identification in EBPR and activated sludge systems must be understood. This review provides a summary of the polyphasic approach: use of phenotypic, genotypic, and chemotaxonomic methods for bacterial classification and its application in the classification of Tetrasphaera. A review of molecular tools currently used to identify Tetrasphaera in activated sludge systems is also provided. In addition, this review discusses how challenges with molecular tools limit our understanding and application of Tetrasphaera in EBPR processes.
Y. Zhang M. N. Kinyua (&) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, One Shield Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA e-mail: [email protected] Y. Zhang e-mail: [email protected]
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Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol
Graphic abstract
Keywords Tetrasphaera EBPR Phosphorus removal Polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) Wastewater Activated sludge
1 Introduction The enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process has been widely implemented in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as an economic and sustainable approach for phosphorus removal (Barnard 1975; Nielsen et al. 2019). The EBPR process relies on the group of microorganisms termed as polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs), which have the ability to take up excessive orthophosphate from wastewater and store it as intracellular polyphosphate (poly-P) granules (Mino et al. 1998). Besides the most well-known PAO Candidatus Accumulibacter, there are a variety of promising putative
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PAOs that have been identified in full-scale EBPR processes (e.g., Candidatus Halomonas phosphatis and Tessaracoccus (Maszenan et al. 2000; Nguyen et al. 2012)). This review specifically focuses on Tetrasphaera because: (1) they are consistently found in high abundance (1.3–11.9%) in EBPR processes (Nielsen et al. 2019), (2) their utilization of diverse carbon sources and ability to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs) has the potential to reduce chemical costs for treatment plants (Barnard et al. 2017;
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