Phytochemicals from the genus Lavandula : a review
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Phytochemicals from the genus Lavandula: a review Be´ne´dicte He´ral . E´milie Stierlin . Xavier Fernandez . Thomas Michel
Received: 21 April 2020 / Accepted: 25 August 2020 Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The genus Lavandula occurs naturally in the Mediterranean basin and its species are a rich source of phytochemicals. Species of this genus have attracted great interest, especially those such as fine lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller) and its natural hybrid lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia Emeric ex Loisel), which are cultivated for their essential oils, widely used in perfumery and cosmetics. Peer-reviews regarding lavender volatile compounds are available, however other, non-volatile, secondary metabolites of the genus Lavandula are poorly studied. In this review, the reader will find a brief outline of the taxonomy and morphology of the Lavandula genus, along with a comprehensive description of the volatile compounds isolated or
putatively identified in the genus Lavandula, including triterpenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids and benzofurans. Overall, the elaboration of a detailed list reveals that 548 specialized metabolites have been described in Lavandula species. This review may be used as a scientific basis for future studies on the genus Lavandula, especially in chemical ecology and metabolomics where compound identification remains a limiting step. Keywords Lavandula spp. Terpenoids Flavonoids Phenolic acids Extraction
Introduction Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-020-09719-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. B. He´ral E´. Stierlin X. Fernandez T. Michel (&) CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, Universite´ Coˆte d’Azur, 06108 Nice, France e-mail: [email protected] B. He´ral e-mail: [email protected] E´. Stierlin e-mail: [email protected] X. Fernandez e-mail: [email protected]
The genus Lavandula includes fine lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller) and its natural hybrid lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia Emeric ex Loisel), which are Lamiaceae species of Mediterranean origin cultivated worldwide as ornamental and medicinal plants (Lis-Balchin 2002; Salehi et al. 2018). They have been commercially grown since the beginning of the twentieth century for extraction of their essential oils (EOs) as well as for absolute extraction (solvent extract). These EOs are extensively used in perfumery, cosmetics, food processing and aromatherapy (LisBalchin 2002). The main countries dominating lavender EO production are Bulgaria, France, China,
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Ukraine, Spain and Morocco (Lesage-Meessen et al. 2015). In 2016, the world production of fine lavender EO reached 380 tonnes, with France as the second producer (100 tonnes) after Bulgaria (280 tonnes) (Giray 2018). In regard to lavandin, France is the world leader, with a production which totalled nearly 140
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