In Vitro Detoxification Studies of p-Cresol by Intestinal Bacteria Isolated from Human Feces
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In Vitro Detoxification Studies of p‑Cresol by Intestinal Bacteria Isolated from Human Feces Muthu Vijayasarathy1 · Gopikrishnan Kalarikkal Kiran1 · Sivaraman Balaji2 · Jayamanohar Jabastin1 · Palanisamy Bruntha Devi3 · Venkatesan Brindha Priyadarisini1 Received: 13 August 2019 / Accepted: 9 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract p-Cresol is a neurotoxic and nephrotoxic carcinogenic aromatic substance produced as a result of microbial fermentation in the intestine. The derivatives of p-cresol (p-cresyl sulphate or p-cresyl glucuronide) have a deleterious effect on renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis. Human gut seems to be inhabited with a diverse microbial population capable of detoxifying many aromatic compounds. However, the knowledge on the role of gut microbes in metabolizing p-cresol is limited. Hence, the present study aims to investigate p-cresol detoxification by intestinal bacteria isolated from human feces. Three potential p-cresol tolerant isolates were selected and identified as Enterococcus faecalis strains (UTD-1, UTD-2 and UTD-3) by 16SrRNA gene sequencing. All three E. faecalis isolates decreased the p-cresol concentration (30 µg/ml) at a higher rate with extracellular extracts (2.58–9.53 µg/ml) as compared to intracellular (0.55–5.28 µg/ml) extract. These three potential isolates also exhibited tolerance to gastrointestinal conditions for up to 60 min. Added to its potential, the expression of virulent genes (esp, gelE, and cyl) was found to be suppressed when subjected to bile stress under in vitro conditions. HPLC analysis displayed transformed products from extracellular extract treated samples were comparable to the metabolite standard of the p-cresol degradation pathway. Infrared spectral analysis too showed the spectrum similarity with metabolite standard. Thus, conclusively, intestinal isolates E. faecalis (UTD-1, UTD-2 and UTD-3) might be a promising candidate for mitigating p-cresol detoxification in uremic patients.
Introduction A range of colonic microbial metabolites like phenolic and indolic compounds, formed in the healthy individuals, absorbed in the intestine, undergo renal clearance, and excreted through urine and feces [1]. In contrast, poor renal clearance enables the accumulation of metabolites such as p-cresol, indoles, and amines cause uremia, chronic kidney Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-020-02124-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Venkatesan Brindha Priyadarisini [email protected] 1
Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India
2
Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India
3
Department of Food Science and Technology, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry 605014, India
disease, cardiovascular disease, autism spectrum disorder, and irritable bowel syndrome [2–5]. Increasing proteolytic bacteria including Clostri
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