Insights into fouling behavior in a novel anammox self-forming dynamic membrane bioreactor by the fluorescence EEM-PARAF
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Insights into fouling behavior in a novel anammox self-forming dynamic membrane bioreactor by the fluorescence EEM-PARAFAC analysis Yijing Zhu 1 & Lijuan Cao 1 & Lingfeng Ni 1 & Yayi Wang 1 Received: 13 February 2020 / Accepted: 29 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Fouling behavior of the novel anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) self-forming dynamic membrane bioreactor (SFDMBR) was elucidated, which is using nylon mesh as the filter with controlled fouling and successful anammox process. Properties of anammox sludge and foulants in the anammox SFDMBR and MBR (using PVDF microfiltration membrane) were compared to analyze the alleviated fouling in the SFDMBR, of which transmembrane pressure could be kept below 10 kPa for 50 days in one filtration cycle of 82 days with flux of 12 L m−2 h−1. Colorimetrical determination and excitation emission matrices-parallel factor (EEM-PARAFAC) analysis of the foulants showed that humic acid content in foulants on nylon mesh was obviously lower than that on PVDF membrane. Considering that the small-sized and flexible humic acids prefer to plug into membrane pores, the alleviated irreversible fouling in the SFDMBR could be attributed to the less microbial humic acid content of foulants (8.8 ± 1.0%) compared with the MBR (20.7 ± 2.9%). The adequate efflux of humic-like substances in the operation with nylon mesh was speculated to be the main mechanism of fouling control in the SFDMBR. These findings highlighted the potential of anammox SFDMBR in practical applications, because of the high humic acid contents in real ammonium-laden wastewater. Our study highlights the important role of humic acids in fouling behavior of the novel anammox SFDMBR to provide guidance for fouling control strategies. Keywords Self-forming dynamic membrane . Anammox . EEM-PARAFAC . Membrane fouling
Introduction Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have shown success in anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) biomass enrichment and nitrogen removal performance (Van Der Star et al. 2008; Meng et al. 2014; Lotti et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2017). The enrichment of anammox bacteria, of which cellular yield is low at 0.066 ± 0.01 mol carbon mol ammonium−1 (JETTEN Responsible Editor: Angeles Blanco Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09944-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Yayi Wang [email protected]; [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
1999), could be especially favored in MBRs. The purity of anammox bacteria, the most important functional microbe in anammox systems, was achieved to exceed 90% in sludges of anammox MBRs (Van Der Star et al. 2008; Lotti et al. 2015), which is higher than those in other anammox bioreactors, like the upflow fluidized granular sludge reac
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