Ultrasound assisted extraction of phytochemicals from Coccinia indica fruits and its characterization
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Ultrasound assisted extraction of phytochemicals from Coccinia indica fruits and its characterization Alok Sharma1 · Bidyut Mazumdar1 · Amit Keshav1 Received: 5 June 2020 / Accepted: 19 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) technique was employed for the extraction of phytochemicals from Coccinia indica fruit. Twenty-two compounds were identified post extraction process by GCMS analysis. Temperature, time of extraction, solvent concentration and solid-solvent (SS) ratio were considered as important process parameters for UAE. Response surface method was applied for optimizing the extraction process. The study focussed on the yield of extract, antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS), total phenolic content and total flavonoid content as the dependent variables. The optimum values of process parameters were obtained to be 30 °C temperature, 42 min of extraction time, 63% solvent (ethanol) concentration and SS ratio of 1:60. At these optimum conditions, the extract yield was 18.58%. The DPPH activity of 83.42%, 27.18% ABTS radical scavenging ability, 12.82 mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of phenolic content and 79.81 mg Rutin equivalent (RE)/g of flavonoid content were obtained. Major compounds identified by GCMS were rutin, naringenin, apigenin and kaempferol. Resveratrol was also identified in the extract of C. indica fruits. Keywords Phytochemicals · Extraction · Ultrasound · Coccinia indica · Characterization
Introduction The metabolic reactions in living organisms causes the production of certain reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS are highly reactive and unstable in nature and are responsible for cellular damage. Plants have developed a wide variety of chemicals to protect themselves from ROS which are known as phytochemicals. These phytochemicals also play other auxiliary functions in plants like prevention form predators and diseases, impart color, aroma and flavour etc. Phytochemicals are also required by humans to counter these ROS and eventually for disease prevention. Plants are consumed as food in raw and semi-cooked or in semi-processed form. The growing population has led the advanced technologies to maximize the food production in order to overcome the global hunger. These advancements in agriculture and food processing has diminished the quality of food in terms of nutrition [1, 2].
* Amit Keshav [email protected] 1
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
In the above-mentioned context, Coccinia indica fruit (Family: Cucurbitaceae) was considered for phytochemical extraction. It is a tropical, perennial and creeper plant growing and spreading quickly over walls, fences and other supports. The color of the fruit is green which changes to orange-red color after ripening. The size varies between 15 and 35 mm in diameter and 25 and 60 mm in length [3]. It has been reported in several literatures that the leaves of this p
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